{
  "abstract": "Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) generate inhalable aerosols by heating liquid solutions; while ENDS contain nicotine and ENNDS do not, both typically include propylene glycol, glycerol, flavourings and other potentially harmful substances.1 With more brands introducing nicotine-free product lines, ENNDS have become increasingly visible in the global market.2 However, several products labelled as ‘nicotine-free’ have been found to contain trace amounts of nicotine3 or adulterants (such as etomidate).4 Notably, regulatory frameworks governing these products remain insufficient in many jurisdictions. In the USA, ENNDS largely evade federal oversight under the Food and Drug Administration’s tobacco product regulations due to their lack of tobacco-derived ingredients, but may be regulated under state-level policies covering nicotine or any other substance.5 Similarly, the UK currently governs ENNDS under the General Products Safety Regulations 2005, a consumer-product framework distinct from the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations, resulting in inconsistent regulatory enforcement.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Law School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jiayi Jiang"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Addressing the regulatory challenges of non-nicotine vaping products: insights from China’s experience",
  "uid": "808405d7-19c2-5ded-8615-8696e7ef99cc"
}