{
  "abstract": "Background While maternal depression and anxiety have been linked to adverse childhood respiratory outcomes, the role of eating disorders (EDs) remains less understood. This study examined associations between maternal EDs and offspring respiratory outcomes, considering ED subtypes, exposure windows and comorbid depression/anxiety.Methods Data from 131 495 mother–child pairs across seven cohorts from the EU Child Cohort Network were analysed. Primary analyses assessed associations between maternal pre-pregnancy EDs and preschool wheezing and school-age asthma. Secondary analyses explored associations in women without comorbid depression/anxiety, specific ED subtypes (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa), exposure periods (pregnancy, post-pregnancy) and — within two cohorts — school-age lung function. Logistic regression models were fitted for each cohort, and results pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.Results Maternal pre-pregnancy ED prevalence ranged from 0.8% (health records) to 17.0% (self-reported lifetime EDs). Preschool wheezing prevalence ranged from 20.7% to 49.6%, and school-age asthma from 2.1% to 17.3%. Pre-pregnancy EDs were associated with preschool wheezing (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.47, I 2: 74%) and school-age asthma (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.46, I2: 9%). These estimates were slightly attenuated but remained directionally consistent with the main analyses after exclusion of mothers with depression/anxiety. There was evidence of a weak positive association with lung function. Associations across ED subtypes were largely consistent with the pre-pregnancy any ED estimate, while no clear pattern emerged by timing of exposure.Conclusions Maternal EDs are associated with a higher risk of wheezing and asthma in children, independently of comorbid depression/anxiety. These findings highlight the need to understand mechanisms and long-term respiratory consequences of maternal EDs to inform interventions for improving offspring respiratory health.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy",
        "University Hospital “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino” and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Maja Popovic"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy",
        "University Hospital “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino” and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Milena Maule"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Chiara Moccia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy",
        "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, University Medical Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Elena Isaevska"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Demetris Avraam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands",
        "Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Tim Cadman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK",
        "Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Elhakeem"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Veit Grote"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "German Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Kathrin Guerlich"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Sido Haakma"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer Ruth Harris"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, University Medical Centre, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Pauline W Jansen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Johanna Lucia Thorbjørnsrud Nader"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark",
        "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Angela Pinot de Moira"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Katrine Strandberg-Larsen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Genetics, Genomics Coordination Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Morris Swertz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics, Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Marieke Welten"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Tiffany Yang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics, Generation R Study Group, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Vincent Jaddoe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Division of Neonatal Care, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Liesbeth Duijts"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy",
        "University Hospital “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino” and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Richiardi"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Maternal eating disorders and respiratory outcomes in childhood: findings from the EU Child Cohort Network",
  "uid": "7de19fc1-7cd2-53ca-8370-2d48123eff56"
}