{
  "abstract": "Objective To develop and validate a predictive model for distinguishing controls (Ctr), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) based on nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) image features.Methods A total of 600 NVC images from 396 participants (Ctr=117, RA=337 and SLE=146) were collected and divided into training and test sets at a 7:3 ratio. Nine NVC features were extracted, and an eXtreme Gradient Boosting multiclassification model was constructed to distinguish the three groups. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was performed to evaluate feature importance and interpret the model.Results Seven NVC features showed significant differences among the groups. The model achieved macro area under the curve values of 0.96 and 0.80 in the training and test sets, respectively. SHAP analysis identified papilla shape, red blood cell aggregation, number of capillary loops, number of crossed capillary loops and subpapillary venous plexus (SVP) as key features among the groups. Each group was characterised by specific NVC patterns. In Ctr, papilla shape emerged as the key feature and showed correlations with neutrophils, white blood cells and monocytes. In patients with RA, the number of crossed capillary loops was the most prominent feature and correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, complement levels (C3 and C4) and inversely with immunoglobulin G. In patients with SLE, the SVP was the dominant feature and effectively distinguished SLE from both Ctr and RA.Conclusions This study developed a robust multiclassification model for differentiating autoimmune diseases using NVC features. The findings enhance our understanding of microvascular alterations and provide a potential tool for clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jie Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China",
        "College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Congcong Jian"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jiaojiao Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zhuming Yin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xue Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Chaochun Song"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hongjun Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Wenzhang Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qin Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jie Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zhengzhong Tang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xiangyi Xiong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "College of Computer and Information Science, School of Software, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yuqi Liu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jun Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xue Yang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jianhong Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China"
      ],
      "name": "Tingting Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qinghua Zou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yong Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Immunology, The People’s Hospital of Kaizhou District, Chongqing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hua’e Shu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China",
        "College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China"
      ],
      "name": "Fanxin Zeng"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Machine learning-based multiclass model for autoimmune disease diagnosis and classification through nailfold videocapillaroscopy features",
  "uid": "55869580-0691-506e-af11-b2840ce33211"
}