{
  "abstract": "Background Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the most common manifestations of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to characterise the course of CI over a 1-year period in patients with SLE and its associated factors.Methods 175 adult SLE patients from the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic were assessed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months using the American College of Rheumatology Neuropsychological Battery. CI was classified based on standardised z-scores in cognitive domains. Patients were categorised as persistent-CI (CI at all three time-points; T0, T1 and T2), never-CI (no CI at any time-point) or fluctuating-CI (CI at 1–2 assessments). Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory and medication data were collected at each visit. Patients with persistent-CI were compared with never-CI patients. CI severity was determined based on the mean z-score of tests across all six domains.Results Over 1 year, 46% of patients experienced CI, with 17% showing persistent-CI, 29% fluctuating-CI and 54% never-CI. Persistent-CI patients exhibited more severe CI compared with fluctuating-CI. The most frequently affected cognitive domains were learning and memory, simple attention and processing speed, and visual-spatial construction. Factors associated with CI persistence over 1 year included Black race, older age at SLE diagnosis, divorced/separated status at T0 and higher disease-related damage at T0.Conclusion This study highlights the variable nature of CI in SLE patients, with most exhibiting a stable course over 1 year. Factors such as sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities may influence CI persistence.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Medicine, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel",
        "Rheumatology Unit, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel"
      ],
      "name": "Oshrat E Tayer-Shifman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Jiandong Su"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Kathleen Bingham"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Mahta Kakvan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Maria Carmela Tartaglia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Lesley Ruttan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Sherief Marzouk"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Joan Wither"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "May Y Choi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Dennisse Bonilla"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Traumatology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil"
      ],
      "name": "Simone Appenzeller"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Dorcas Beaton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Patricia Katz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Robin Green"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
        "Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Dafna D Gladman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Toronto Western Hospital Lupus Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
        "Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Zahi Touma"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Intraindividual cognitive function course over time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus",
  "uid": "78e3bf9b-0a8d-5f9d-a441-6ca81f989068"
}