{
  "abstract": "Introduction The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the scientific process is advancing at a remarkable speed, thanks to continued innovations in large language models. While AI provides widespread benefits, including editing for fluency and clarity, it also has drawbacks, including fabricated content, perpetuation of bias, and lack of accountability. The editorial board of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine (RAPM) therefore sought to develop best practices for AI usage and disclosure.Methods A steering committee from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine used a modified Delphi process to address definitions, disclosure requirements, authorship standards, and editorial oversight for AI use in publishing. The committee reviewed existing publication guidelines and identified areas of ambiguity, which were translated into questions and distributed to an expert workgroup of authors, reviewers, editors, and AI researchers.Results Two survey rounds, with 91% and 87% response rates, were followed by focused discussion and clarification to identify consensus recommendations. The workgroup achieved consensus on recommendations to authors about definitions of AI, required items to report, disclosure locations, authorship stipulations, and AI use during manuscript preparation. The workgroup formulated recommendations to reviewers about monitoring and evaluating the responsible use of AI in the review process, including the endorsement of AI-detection software, identification of concerns about undisclosed AI use, situations where AI use may necessitate the rejection of a manuscript, and use of checklists in the review process. Finally, there was consensus about AI-driven work, including required and optional disclosures and the use of checklists for AI-associated research.Discussion Our modified Delphi study identified practical recommendations on AI use during the scientific writing and editorial process. The workgroup highlighted the need for transparency, human accountability, protection of patient confidentiality, editorial oversight, and the need for iterative updates. The proposed framework enables authors and editors to harness AI’s efficiencies while maintaining the fundamental principles of responsible scientific communication and may serve as an example for other journals.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Michael R Fettiplace"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada",
        "Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Anuj Bhatia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Yian Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Steven L Orebaugh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anaesthesiology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, North York, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Gofeld"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rodney A Gabriel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Outcomes Research, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA",
        "Anesthesiology, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel I Sessler"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Hannah Lonsdale"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Brittani Bungart"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher P Cheng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Garrett W Burnett"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lichy Han"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Academic Anaesthesia, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, England, UK",
        "Centre for Applied Health and Social Care Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Wiles"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
        "Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Steve Coppens"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Joseph"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kristin L Schreiber"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany",
        "Outcomes Research Consortium, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Volk"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Richard D Urman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Vesela P Kovacheva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA",
        "Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Christopher L Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA",
        "Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Edward R Mariano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Calgary, South Health Campus, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Vivian H Y Ip"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Recommendations for disclosure of artificial intelligence in scientific writing and publishing: a regional anesthesia and pain medicine modified Delphi study",
  "uid": "64c61073-29db-5180-b5fc-ce287ce8aab2"
}