{
  "abstract": "Importance Chronic pain is a leading cause of disability, and many affected patients rely on long-term opioid therapy despite its unfavorable adverse effect profile. Spinal cord stimulation is an established therapy for chronic pain that may secondarily reduce opioid consumption by providing sustained analgesia.Objective To quantify changes in opioid use following spinal cord stimulation implantation for the treatment of chronic pain through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus from each database’s inception to July 1, 2024.Study selection We included studies describing patients who underwent spinal cord stimulator implantation for the treatment of chronic pain. A total of 2,784 potential studies were identified and screened by multiple independent reviewers, yielding a final total of 43 studies included in the systematic review.Data extraction and synthesis Data extraction was completed by multiple independent reviewers following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis and Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. A random effects model with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman adjustment was used to estimate pooled estimates. Certainty assessment was performed following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework.Main outcome(s) and measure(s) The primary outcomes were change in continuous opioid use (ie, morphine milligram equivalent (MME)) and categorical opioid use (yes/no) from preimplantation to 12 months following spinal cord stimulator implantation.Results Meta-analysis of 12 month continuous MME use comprising 22 study comparisons (1,666 individuals) revealed a weighted mean difference of −18.06 MME (95% CI −24.41 to −11.70; 95% prediction interval −38.29 to 2.17; p<0.001). Meta-analysis of categorical opioid use at 12 months comprising 24 study comparisons (1,527 individuals) revealed an OR of 0.47 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.75; 95% prediction interval 0.10 to 2.11; p=0.003), signifying lower odds of opioid continuation.Conclusions and relevance Spinal cord stimulation is associated with reduced opioid dose consumption and increased odds of opioid cessation at 12 months postimplantation compared with baseline in patients with chronic pain; however, both of these conclusions are supported by evidence of very low GRADE certainty.PROSPERO registration number CRD42024574921.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Hunter Soleymani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Mahmoud Morsi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kira Kopacz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jay Karri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Vrije Universiteit & UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Lisa Goudman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nasir Hussain"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Saba Javed"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ryan D’Souza"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Change in opioid use following spinal cord stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "uid": "6a34925f-1101-5539-82e9-64e50cc2e87b"
}