{
  "abstract": "Background Outcome selection in regional anesthesia and acute pain research is inconsistent, often lacking patient-centered priorities and validated instruments. We aimed to prioritize key outcomes and propose suitable measurement tools to improve the quality, consistency, and relevance of regional anesthesia research.Methods We conducted a multiround Delphi process, including two electronic voting rounds, a multiday in-person meeting, and a patient panel. Experts and patients evaluated existing and proposed outcomes for importance, validity, and relevance. Outcomes reaching ≥70% agreement were prioritized, and appropriate measurement instruments were identified.Results Thirty-two experts and three patients participated. Across three Delphi rounds, 10 outcomes were prioritized for future regional anesthesia research: seven efficacy outcomes (pain scores; opioid consumption; Brief Pain Inventory; functional outcomes; cognitive function; length of stay; block duration); two multidimensional outcomes (quality of recovery and development of a regional anesthesia-specific quality-of-recovery instrument); one safety outcome (chronic postsurgical pain). Patients prioritized cognitive recovery, function, chronic pain, and pain scores.Conclusions This consensus-based, patient-centered framework defines the core priorities for future regional anesthesia and acute pain research. Future work should focus on developing and validating a regional anesthesia-specific quality-of-recovery instrument, refining multidimensional measures such as functional recovery, cognitive outcomes, and the Brief Pain Inventory, and standardizing the reporting of chronic pain and opioid-related outcomes. Adoption of these priorities will enhance methodological consistency, comparability, and patient relevance in future clinical trials.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK",
        "Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Kariem El-Boghdadly"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Samer Narouze"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesia, ICU and Pain Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Amany Ezzat Ayad"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Stavros G Memtsoudis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kristin L Schreiber"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Paul S Myles"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK",
        "Patient Representative, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Gillian Radcliffe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Patient Representative, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Kate Rivett"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Patient Representative, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Zuzana Princova"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, and Veteran Affairs Lebanon, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sanjib Adhikary"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Eric Albrecht"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London Hospitals, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "James Bowness"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Thorek Memorial Hospital, Chicago, and Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital, Department of Pain Management, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kenneth Candido"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals of Leuven, and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Steve Coppens"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rajnish K Gupta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Marie Hanna"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca L Johnson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical Center, and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Enas Kandil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lynn Kohan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sandra Kopp"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesiology Division, Integrated Hospital Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE"
      ],
      "name": "Clara Lobo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"
      ],
      "name": "Eleni Moka"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Iyabo O Muse"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hassan 2 University and Ibn Rochd Teaching Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco"
      ],
      "name": "Afak Nsiri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jeffrey J Pasternak"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Carlos Pino"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesia, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Vinita Singh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Synceruscare Anaesthesiologists, George, and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Andre Theron"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Pain Management Department, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE"
      ],
      "name": "Reda Tolba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Imeldaziekenhuis, Bonheiden, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Peter B C Van de Putte"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Morné Wolmarans"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nabil M Elkassabany"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prioritization of outcome measures in regional anesthesia research",
  "uid": "3d97c3a2-ea34-5d1e-bd8f-9981c3f95271"
}