{
  "abstract": "Objective Outdoor workers (OWs) in urban environments are chronically exposed to air pollutants during working hours, raising concerns about potential early biological changes and long-term health risks. Within the IDEA project—part of the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC)—this study aims to evaluate early inflammatory, metabolic, endocrine, and epigenetic effects of urban exposure in OWs compared with indoor administrative workers (IAWs), who are not occupationally exposed to outdoor pollutants.Material and Methods A total of 67 workers from Pavia, Italy, were enrolled: 21 OWs (municipal police officers) and 46 IAWs. Personal exposure to benzene, NO 2, and SO2 was assessed using passive samplers (Radiello®) worn for five consecutive workdays. Blood samples were collected for routine biochemical analyses (including nutritional status), inflammatory cytokines (CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10), and thyroid function (TSH, fT3, fT4, autoantibodies). Structured questionnaires gathered data on occupational history, lifestyle, and dietary habits.Results OWs showed higher mean benzene exposure (3.5 µg/m³) than IAWs (2.0 µg/m³), exceeding the 2030 EU target (3.4 µg/m³). NO 2 levels were slightly higher in IAWs (23.4 µg/m³) than in OWs (20.1 µg/m³), while SO2 levels were low and comparable. Despite overall compliance with current regulatory limits, OWs exhibited significantly higher median values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and fT3. Although within normal ranges, these differences may indicate early biological responses to outdoor occupational exposure. Inflammatory cytokine levels did not significantly differ between groups.Conclusion These preliminary results highlight the usefulness of an integrated exposomic approach combining personal monitoring and biomarker analysis. Ongoing recruitment and upcoming epigenetic analyses—including the epigenetic clock—will help estimate the impact of urban exposure on biological aging and chronic disease risk.Funding Project funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU under Italy’s NRRP, Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.4 (Call No. 3138/2021, Decree No. 3175/2021, MUR). Award: CN_00000033, Decree No. 1034/2022, CUP: F13C22000720007, ‘National Biodiversity Future Center – NBFC’.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Sellaro"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Enrico Oddone"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Roberta Pernetti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Giuseppe Taino"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Marco Cravero"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Davide Baldi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Rachele De Giuseppe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Hellas Cena"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Matteo Manuelli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Elena Grignani Paolo Sacco"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Carlo Gaetano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Veronica Barbi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Mario Rotondi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Croce"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Coperchini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "PD Program in Psychology, Neuroscience and Data Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Hospital Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy. Postgraduate School in Occupational Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Clinical Nutrition Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Environmental Research Center of Padua and Pavia, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Italy. Epigenetics Laboratory, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy. Occupational Medicine Unit, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia Institute, Pavia, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Massimo Candura"
    }
  ],
  "title": "8292152 Early biological effects of urban exposure in outdoor workers: a multidisciplinary study integrating air monitoring and biomarker analysis",
  "uid": "7635b1b9-721e-5d5b-b0fb-707be19e696d"
}