{
  "abstract": "Objectives Understanding healthy working life expectancy (HWLE) is critical in ageing societies to promote both extended workforce participation and well-being. This study quantifies WLE and HWLE among middle-aged and older adults in Korea, stratified by gender and education.Methods We used data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (waves 1–9, 2006–2022) to estimate WLE and HWLE at age 50 using a discrete-time 5-state Markov model. Participants were categorised based on health and work status. Education was classified into high (≥high school graduate) and low (<high school graduate) groups.Results Of the total 72 534 responses across all waves, 69 272 came from living participants, including 29 649 men (42.8%), 39 623 women (57.2%), 28 705 responses with high education (41.4%) and 40 564 responses with low education (58.6%). Men had longer HWLE than women, despite women having higher total life expectancy. At age 50, men with high education had an HWLE of 15.13 years (95% CI 14.70 to 15.56), while those with low education had 14.25 years (95% CI: 13.60 to 14.90). Women with high education had an HWLE of 9.40 years (95% CI 8.85 to 9.95), whereas those with low education had 9.96 years (95% CI 9.43 to 10.49). Not healthy and working life expectancy (NHWLE) was longer for lower-educated individuals (men 2.26 vs 3.16 years; women 1.27 vs 3.00 years).Conclusions Our findings show that significant disparities in WLE exist according to gender and education level, with the effect of education differing by gender.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"
      ],
      "name": "Munyoung Yang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)",
        "Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jongin Lee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Marty Lynch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Medicine, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK",
        "Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Ross Wilkie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Martie van Tongeren"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)"
      ],
      "name": "Mo-Yeol Kang"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Educational and gender disparities in healthy working life expectancy among middle-aged and older adults in South Korea",
  "uid": "e0cc3c80-dd02-54d7-802c-feddf6b94aa6"
}