{
  "abstract": "Objective Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized in patients with cerebral venous congestion (CVC), yet the cognitive tools used are largely adapted from stroke and dementia research. This review examines current literature on cognitive function in CVC, including conditions such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), and dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs). Special emphasis is placed on the limitations of common screening tools like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cognitive dysfunction—primarily affecting executive function, processing speed, and attention—is reported in up to 86% of CVC cases, yet only about 20% of studies use validated cognitive testing tools, most of which may lack sensitivity for CVC-specific deficits. Emerging techniques such as ocular motor testing and physiological markers show promise but require further validation. There is an urgent need for standardized, CVC-specific cognitive assessment protocols that reflect the unique pathophysiology of venous disorders. Future research should prioritize the development of targeted cognitive batteries and integrate objective physiological measures to enhance diagnostic accuracy.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurointerventional Surgery, The Queen’s Health Systems, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ferdinand K Hui"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sherief Ghozy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Robert Amans"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Waleed Brinjikji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Mohamad Abdalkader"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Vivek Yedavalli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brain & Memory Clinic, Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Abraham SC Chyung"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Vitor M Pereira"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institut du Cerveau, Paris, France",
        "Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France"
      ],
      "name": "Stephanie Lenck"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurosurgery and Radiology and Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA",
        "Neurosurgery, Gates Vascular Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Adnan H Siddiqui"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Argye E Hillis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kyle M Fargen"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cognitive impairment in cerebral venous congestion: The need for improved assessment tools – a literature review",
  "uid": "b2da9e4c-d4f8-5488-b488-f02cf78128b3"
}