{
  "abstract": "Animals can only be used in research when there is a convincing scientific justification, when the expected benefits of the research outweigh the potential risks in terms of animal suffering and when the scientific objectives cannot be achieved using non-animal alternative methods. Researchers must also apply the 3R principles—replace, reduce and refine—to ensure that animals are used ethically in research. All research involving animals must have been reviewed and approved by an ethics committee prior to commencing the study; the harm–benefit analysis (HBA) is the cornerstone of ethical evaluation, as it will determine if the use of animals is justified.In this paper, we apply the 3R principles (refine, reduce, replace) and HBA used in regulation of animal research to veterinary studies of homeopathy and provide an ethical analysis of such studies. It emerges that proper application of the 3Rs and HBA effectively rules out any homeopathy research in animals.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland",
        "Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "David Shaw"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland",
        "Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "David Mawufemor Azilagbetor"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Edwin Louis-Maerten"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "CLEAR Methods Centre, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Stuart McLennan"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dead as a dodo: applying harm-benefit analysis and the 3R principles to animal studies of homeopathy",
  "uid": "0520b1cd-8442-5200-9e99-0ea4cb50fe74"
}