{
  "abstract": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping surgical training techniques, offering clinical leaders an opportunity to enhance educational methodologies through reflective practice and advanced learning strategies.1 2 Traditionally, surgical education followed an apprenticeship model in which trainees honed their skills in operating rooms under the guidance of experienced surgeons. This model, formalised by Halsted’s landmark 1904 Yale address—which proposed structured, progressively responsible residency training—laid the foundation for the modern surgical residency system still in use today.3 While this approach provided a crucial hands-on experience, concerns about patient safety and limited access to complex procedures curtailed the breadth of exposure. Over time, simulation technologies, including high-fidelity models and three-dimensional printing, have begun to alleviate these constraints, enabling trainees to refine their skills with fewer risks. AI represented a further evolution as these simulation tools matured, adding data-driven insights, personalised feedback and real-time decision support to the educational process.2",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Trauma & Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Cook"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo Governorate, Egypt"
      ],
      "name": "Atef Hassan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Innovation Hub, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK",
        "Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Ryan Kerstein"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Smart Health Unit, University of East London, London, UK",
        "Department of Orthopaedics, Ashford and Saint Peter’s Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed A Imam"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Embracing artificial intelligence in surgical training: a clinical leadership perspective",
  "uid": "62c297bf-e33f-5519-b965-73847a4660a6"
}