{
  "abstract": "The provision of healthcare in extreme cold weather (ECW) is qualitatively different from temperate practice.1 2 Infrastructure at extreme reach is sparse, movement is constrained by weather and terrain, and both patients and clinicians are exposed to prolonged environmental risk. In this context, even one seriously injured casualty at a remote location may functionally constitute a mass-casualty event—overwhelming local capability even when overall numbers are low.3 Existing NATO mass-casualty guidance, developed largely for temperate environments, remains useful but needs explicit adaptation for ECW.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research and Clinical Innovation), Birmingham, UK",
        "British Antarctic Survey Medical Unit, Plymouth, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jonathon Lowe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Richard Howes"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research and Clinical Innovation), Birmingham, UK",
        "Emergency and Urgent Care Research in Cambridge (EUReCa), PACE Section, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Ed Barnard"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research and Clinical Innovation), Birmingham, UK",
        "British Antarctic Survey Medical Unit, Plymouth, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Simon Thomas Horne"
    }
  ],
  "title": "8D’s approach and extreme cold weather: where normal coping strategies don’t exist",
  "uid": "0191f06d-0fa5-5536-a64b-91942fda2183"
}