{
  "abstract": "Objectives Early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) is an increasingly serious disorder, yet there is currently a scarcity of epidemiological data and reports on this disease worldwide.Methods By using data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study, we analysed the number of incident cases, prevalent cases and years lived with disability (YLDs) for EOPD (diagnosis after the age of 20 years and before the age of 50 years) from 1990 to 2021, along with their corresponding age-standardised rates. Additionally, we calculated the average annual percent change of the age-standardised rates and analysed the negative correlation between smoking and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) burden for EOPD.Results From 1990 to 2021, the incidence, prevalence and YLDs associated with EOPD have tripled globally. Most countries have seen a consistent increase in the age-standardised incidence and prevalence rates of this disease, especially those with high-middle Socio-Demographic Index scores. In 2021, smoking contributed to a 9.03% decrease in the global burden of DALYs, a decline from −14.14% in 1990.Conclusions EOPD is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide, necessitating the attention of global health organisations and the implementation of effective intervention measures to address this serious challenge.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qiwei Ji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Zujie Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yuning Ma"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Health Management, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"
      ],
      "name": "Qing Guan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Feifan Chu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Lumin Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Jinzhong Ji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Mingxin Sun"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Gaozhan Ren"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"
      ],
      "name": "Tingyang Huang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Immunology, DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
        "Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Haihan Song"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China",
        "Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine Target and New Drug Research, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xiaojun Xu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, Fujian, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xiuquan Lin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Urology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hao Zhou"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Global burden of early-onset Parkinson’s disease, 1990–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021",
  "uid": "0a19da4a-ce9b-5133-899c-816a8894a3e6"
}