{
  "abstract": "Background Psychiatric and behavioural sequelae following encephalitis remain poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise data on the frequency and nature of these outcomes, comparing autoimmune and infective causes at the group level and evaluating specific symptom prevalence by encephalitis agents.Methods A systematic search of five electronic databases was conducted up to December 2024. Studies reporting psychiatric and behavioural outcomes following encephalitis were included, resulting in 102 unique studies (61 autoimmune, 27 infective, and 14 mixed/unknown aetiologies). Follow-up times ranged from 0.5 to 16 years.Results Among autoimmune agents, Anti-NMDAR encephalitis (39 studies) was the most reported, with a high prevalence of behavioural (34.7%), depressive (24.0%), and psychotic symptoms (19.1%) at follow-up. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis (6 studies) exhibited high rates of depressive (29.5%) and anxiety symptoms (53.7%). Significant depressive symptom prevalence was observed for Anti-GABABR (51.2%; 3 studies) and Anti-CASPR2 encephalitis (43.1%; 2 studies). For infective agents, Herpes Simplex Virus (8 studies) demonstrated high rates of anxiety (40.9%) and emotional instability (48.5%). Tick-borne Encephalitis (5 studies) was associated with depressive (21.3%) and psychotic symptoms (22.7%), while Japanese Encephalitis (5 studies) showed elevated depressive symptoms (28.4%) and emotional instability (23.1%). High heterogeneity across studies reflected methodological variability and inconsistent outcome measures.Conclusions Psychiatric sequelae and behavioural disturbances are common after encephalitis, often persisting for many years. Specific agents may show unique symptom profiles, emphasising the need for tailored neuropsychiatric care. This review highlights the importance of standardised research frameworks to improve characterisation and enhance care for affected individuals.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London"
      ],
      "name": "Cameron J Watson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Jack B Fanshawe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Danish Hafeez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Katharine Lynch-Kelly"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "James Marsh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Yasmin Abdat"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Hamish Hamilton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Dory A Ghanem"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Wafaa Mowlabaccus"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Brendan F Sargent"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Hamilton Morrin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Ella Burchill"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "James B Badenoch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Ava Easton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Butler"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London",
        "*These authors contributed equally"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas A Pollak"
    }
  ],
  "title": "#8192 Psychiatric and behavioural sequelae following encephalitis: a systematic review",
  "uid": "3861ead1-5ca5-5652-a528-b0ae457eaeb0"
}