{
  "abstract": "Background Intratumoral regulatory T cells (Tregs) are associated with diminished antitumor immunity and poor prognosis in many cancers, with tumor-infiltrating effector Tregs expressing high levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). While Treg depletion is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy, systemic Treg depletion may lead to severe autoimmune toxicity. Therefore, to selectively deplete intratumoral Tregs, we used extracellular ATP (exATP), which is highly elevated in solid tumors, as a tumor-selective small molecule.Methods We generated ROSE12, a novel anti-CTLA-4 Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs)-binding-enhanced-Fc exATP-dependent switch antibody that reduces Tregs only in the presence of exATP. We evaluated ATP-dependent binding affinity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in vitro, and antitumor efficacy of monotherapy and combination therapy with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in CTLA-4/CD3 double humanized mouse models. Safety profiles were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys.Results ROSE12 demonstrated ATP concentration-dependent binding to CTLA-4, with strong binding at 100 µmol/L but no binding without ATP. ROSE12 demonstrated stronger exATP-dependent ADCC activity in vitro and preferentially reduced CTLA-4 + Tregs over activated conventional T cells. The engineered asymmetric re-engineering technology-Fc (ART-Fc) region, a proprietary Fc engineering technology, showed enhanced binding to activating FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa while reducing binding to inhibitory FcγRIIb. In mouse models, ROSE12 monotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in both conventional and PD-L1 therapy-resistant tumors by reducing intratumoral Tregs and increasing CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Combination therapy with anti-PD-L1 showed synergistic antitumor efficacy with enhanced intratumoral CD8+ T-cell activation without increasing systemic immune activation. Unlike FcγRs binding-enhanced conventional anti-CTLA-4, ROSE12 did not induce systemic immune activation or colitis symptoms, demonstrating a 30–300-fold wider therapeutic window. The tumor-selective mechanism was confirmed in humanized mouse models, where ROSE12 reduced only intratumoral Tregs while sparing splenic Tregs. In cynomolgus monkeys, ROSE12 was well tolerated even at 30 mg/kg/week compared with the 3–10 mg/kg/week limits for conventional anti-CTLA-4 antibodies such as non-fucosylated ipilimumab and ipilimumab.Conclusions These findings support the clinical development of ROSE12 as a tumor-selective Treg-depleting immunotherapy with potential efficacy in programmed cell death protein-1/PD-L1 therapy-resistant patients. The favorable safety profile was attributed to the ATP-dependent binding mechanism that restricts activity to the high-ATP tumor microenvironment. ROSE12 is currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials ( NCT05907980).",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroki Hayashi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Kanako Tatsumi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hitoshi Katada"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yutaka Matsuda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Toshiaki Tsunenari"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Masaki Honda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Takayuki Nemoto"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Shun Shimizu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Momoko Miura-Okuda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yuri Ikuta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Ami Ito"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Chika Ogami"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Chie Kato"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Masaki Kamimura"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Tatsuya Kibayashi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Chiyomi Kubo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Shunichiro Komatsu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yasunori Komori"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Junko Shinozuka"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroaki Susumu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Honoka Tanno"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yasushi Tomii"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Kenji Nakagawa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroaki Nagano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Masahiko Nanami"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yukari Nishito"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Nozomi Fujisawa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Tomochika Matsushita"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Saki Michisaka"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Masaki Yamazaki"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Moe Yoshimoto"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Translational Research Div, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroaki Wakatsuki"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Tetsuya Wakabayashi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Naoko A Wada"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Otoya Ueda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroko Konishi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Kenji Kashima"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiroshi Tanaka"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Mika Endo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Takehisa Kitazawa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center",
        "Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Shimon Sakaguchi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Mika Kamata-Sakurai"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Tomoyuki Igawa"
    }
  ],
  "title": "ROSE12, a novel anti-CTLA-4 FcγRs binding-enhanced antibody activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate, shows tumor-selective regulatory T-cell depletion and antitumor efficacy without systemic immune activation",
  "uid": "681088a1-602d-5d68-8e4b-991b1b498179"
}