{
  "abstract": "Background Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) play a key role in inducing and promoting antitumor immunity. TDLN are commonly situated near the primary tumor and are therefore often exposed to therapeutic radiation. The impact of induction therapies comprising concurrent immunotherapy and radiation on TDLN is poorly understood. We studied the immune-modulating effects in TDLN of patients with T3-4N0-2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a combination of spatial transcriptomics and immunohistochemical analyses.Methods This observational cohort study collected TDLN from 2 groups: (1) patients from the INCREASE trial who were treated with neoadjuvant ipilimumab/nivolumab (IPI/NIVO) plus chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (n=25) and (2) a matched control cohort of patients with NSCLC who had neoadjuvant CRT only (n=25). TDLN were classified based on the cumulative dose of radiation received, categorized as low (≤5 Gy), intermediate (20–30 Gy), or high dose (50–60 Gy). The TDLN were subjected to duplex immunohistochemistry of CD8/Ki67, PD-1/FOXP3, and CD8/cleaved caspase-3. On a subset of TDLN, additional GeoMx spatial transcriptomics profiling of CD8/Ki67+T cell hotspots was carried out.Results After addition of IPI/NIVO to CRT in the INCREASE cohort, resected TDLN showed robust type I immune responses and increased levels of CD8 and regulatory T cells in irradiated TDLN when compared with the control cohort. These immune responses were observed across all radiation dose groups, with the most pronounced effects in high dose TDLN. Significant changes in extracellular matrix and macrophage-associated gene signatures, indicating elevated fibrosis and prolonged inflammation, were observed in the TDLN with high radiation exposure, changes which were partially alleviated by immunotherapy.Conclusion In the INCREASE trial, neoadjuvant IPI/NIVO combined with CRT for patients with T3–4N0–2 NSCLC elicited enhanced immune responses in TDLN despite exposure to high dose radiation. Even though radiation-induced fibrosis was evident in high dose TDLN, the immune responses were not diminished when compared with low dose TDLN. These findings underscore the resilience of TDLN immunological function under intense radiation exposure.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Ezgi B Ulas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Sofie J I Koomen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Anne Vrijmoet"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Ilias Houda"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Alliance of Dutch Burn Care, Burn Center and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Beverwijk, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS) Institute, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "H Ibrahim Korkmaz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Chris Dickhoff"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Idris Bahce"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Suresh Senan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Tanja D de Gruijl"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Marieke F Fransen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Teodora Radonic"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Febe van Maldegem"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Famke L Schneiders"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immune-modulating effects on tumor-draining lymph nodes of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with dual immunotherapy in patients with T3-4N0-2 NSCLC",
  "uid": "103693c2-ff9e-5f32-8ca9-b40bb4809783"
}