{
  "abstract": "Background Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. 1 Despite advances in treatment, significant disparities persist in breast cancer outcomes across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.Methods This review aims to provide an updated examination of these disparities, focusing on differences in incidence, mortality, screening, and treatment.Results Data from SEER and other national databases show that while Non-Hispanic White women have the highest incidence rates, Black women experience a 36% higher mortality rate. Contributing factors include poor access to high-quality care, socioeconomic barriers, and biological differences, such as a higher prevalence of aggressive breast cancer subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer in Black women. Differences in screening rates further exacerbate these outcomes, with minority women being less likely to receive timely mammograms and appropriate follow- up care. Disparities are perpetuated further by systemic barriers, including healthcare access, structural inequalities, and implicit biases in patient-provider relationships. 2–16 Conclusions In addressing these issues, we propose strategies such as improving access to early screening, enhancing clinical training to address racial bias, and implementing policies to improve healthcare infrastructure for underserved populations. By emphasizing the need for equitable access to care and targeted interventions, this review provides a comprehensive framework for reducing breast cancer disparities and improving outcomes for minority women in the U.S.References Breast Cancer Statistics, 2022 - Giaquinto - Wiley Online Library, acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21754. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.Grabinski VF, Brawley OW. Disparities in breast cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2022;49(1):149–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2021.11.010US Preventive Services Task Force, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Wong JB, Barry MJ, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Jaén CR, Krousel-Wood M, Lee S, Li L, Mangione CM, Rao G, Ruiz JM, Stevermer JJ, Tsevat J, Underwood SM, Wiehe S. Screening for breast cancer: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2024;331(22):1918–1930. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.5534Khattab A, Kashyap S, Monga DK. Male breast cancer. [Updated 2022 Sep 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/Admoun C, Mayrovitz HN. The etiology of breast cancer. In: Mayrovitz HN, editor. Breast Cancer [Internet]. Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2022 Aug 6. Chapter 2. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/doi: 10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-etiologyEvans DG, Astley S, Stavrinos P, et al. Improvement in risk prediction, early detection and prevention of breast cancer in the NHS Breast Screening Programme and family history clinics: a dual cohort study. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Aug. (Programme Grants for Applied Research, No. 4.11.) Chapter 1, Introduction and background. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379486/Łukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanislawek A. Breast cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies—an updated review. Cancers 2021;13(17):4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/application.html?site=55&data_type=1&graph_type=2&compareBy =race&chk_race_6=6&chk_race_5=5&chk_race_4=4&chk_race_9=9&chk_race_ 8=8&rate_type=2&sex=3&age_range=1&stage=101&advopt_precision=1&advop t_show_ci=on&hdn_view=0&advopt_show_apc=on&advopt_display=2Wheeler SB, Reeder-Hayes KE, Carey LA. Disparities in breast cancer treatment and outcomes: biological, social, and health system determinants and opportunities for research. The Oncologist 2013;18(9):986–993. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0243Jallah JK, Dweh TJ, Anjankar A, Palma O. A review of the advancements in targeted therapies for breast cancer. Cureus 2023;15(10):e47847. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47847Wilson J, Sule AA. Disparity in early detection of breast cancer. [Updated 2022 Oct 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564311/National Cancer Database. (n.d.). ACS. https://www.facs.org/quality- programs/cancer-programs/national-cancer-database/World Health Organization. (2019). Cancer. WHO; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer#tab=tab_1Bersu Ozcan B, Dogan BE, Mootz AR, Hayes JC, Seiler SJ, Schopp J, Kitchen DL, Porembka JH. Breast cancer disparity and outcomes in underserved women. Radiographics 2024;44(1). https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.230090Tsapatsaris A, Babagbemi K, Reichman MB. Barriers to breast cancer screening are worsened amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a review. Clinical Imaging 2022;82:224–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.11.025Summary of Selected Data: BCSC. (n.d.). Www.bcsc-Research.org. https://www.bcsc-research.org/statistics/variables",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rajvi Babaria"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jhillika Patel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Aravind Rajagopalan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Juana A Hutchinson-Colas"
    }
  ],
  "title": "724 Breast cancer disparities and their drivers in the United States – A 2024 update",
  "uid": "3a8e1e42-a51e-5e70-b68c-7969a7e34bc4"
}