{
  "abstract": "Introduction Sex disparities in suicide mortality persist worldwide, with male rates 2–4 times higher than female rates, but age-specific patterns over time remain insufficiently understood.Aim To examine long-term trends in suicide mortality in Spain (2000–2023), focusing on sex-specific and age-specific differences and the evolution of the male-to-female suicide rate ratio.Methods We conducted a longitudinal study using national mortality data from the Spanish Statistical Office. Crude and age-adjusted suicide rates were calculated by sex and age group. Joinpoint regression assessed temporal trends and male-to-female rate ratios across 15 age groups.Results The overall age-adjusted rate showed no significant change (average annual percent change: –0.4%), with a significant decrease among men (–0.7%) and stable overall rates among women, while increases were observed in selected female age groups. Rates increased with age, particularly among men aged 70+. The male-to-female ratio widened with age, reaching 10.74 in the 95+ group, but narrowed over the study period in four age groups (15–29, 50–54, 75–79, 80–84), mainly due to declining male rates.Conclusion Despite modest changes over time, marked age-related sex disparities persist. Older men remain the highest-risk group, while increases among women in midlife warrant targeted prevention.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hospital Universitari de Santa Maria, Lleida, Spain",
        "Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain",
        "Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Maria Irigoyen-Otiñano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hospital Universitari de Santa Maria, Lleida, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Gemma López-Molina"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Didac Florensa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Mario Gil-Conesa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain",
        "Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain",
        "Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain",
        "Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Vincenzo Oliva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain",
        "Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain",
        "Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain",
        "Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Vicent Llorca-Bofí"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evolving sex differences in suicide mortality by age in Spain, 2000–2023: a nationwide trend analysis",
  "uid": "6109da61-190e-54b8-a2ac-d272d6075d10"
}