{
  "abstract": "Background Community-led organisations (CLOs) are place-based, community-governed entities operating in disadvantaged areas, employing asset-based approaches to support health and wellbeing. However, quantitative evidence on their effectiveness remains limited. This study employed realist evaluation methods to develop programme theories on how CLOs influence wellbeing. These theories were then tested and refined using longitudinal primary data.Methods We conducted a prospective 12-month survey of 316 adults across 14 CLOs in Scotland, England, and Northern Ireland. Participants completed validated measures at baseline, 1, 6, and 12 months: ICECAP-A (capability wellbeing), EQ-5D-5L (health-related quality of life), SWEMWBS (mental wellbeing), and SCS-R (social connectedness). Multilevel mixed-effects models examined associations between CLO activity participation and outcomes, adjusting for individual and organisational characteristics. Three model types assessed: total participation (overall dose-response), temporal patterns (timing of engagement), and activity-specific frequency (dose-response by activity type).Results Retention rate was 86%. Greater total CLO engagement was associated with improved mental wellbeing (coefficient: 0.90, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.61) and capability wellbeing (coefficient: 0.03, 95% CI -0.003 to 0.05). Activity-specific analyses revealed differential effects: family-friendly activities showed positive associations with capability wellbeing (coefficient: 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) and social connectedness (coefficient: 0.36, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.60). Frequency analyses demonstrated both linear relationships (outdoor activities on health-related quality of life: coefficient 0.11, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.19) and non-linear patterns (volunteering on capability wellbeing showed inverted U-shape).Conclusion CLO participation is associated with improved wellbeing across multiple domains. Effects vary by activity type, engagement level, and duration, providing evidence for targeted intervention design and resource allocation in community-based public health programmes.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Sarkis Manoukian"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Rachel Baker"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Nicola Irvine"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jack Rendall"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Helen Mason"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Artur Steiner"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Connected Communities, University of East London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Marcello Bertotti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Educational Development, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jill Mulholland"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Karen Galway"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Kelly"
    }
  ],
  "title": "P15-5 Impact of community-led organisations on health and wellbeing in disadvantaged UK communities: a realist-informed longitudinal study",
  "uid": "1d8e3265-c235-5172-95ab-3b269bbce9b8"
}