{
  "abstract": "Introduction Functional limitations are a key indicator of ageing, associated with quality of life, independence and the need for caregiving and long-term support. Research shows that formerly incarcerated older adults have more functional limitations than those who have never been incarcerated, yet there is a lack of research on prior incarceration and changes in functional limitations over time.Methods Data come from 8377 adults aged ≥55 who participated in the Health and Retirement Study and were followed biennially from 2012 to 2022. Self-reported functional limitations were measured at each wave as a count of nine functional tasks. Group-based trajectory modelling identified subgroups characterised by patterns of functional limitations over time. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between self-reported prior incarceration and trajectory group membership.Results We identified five distinct trajectories of functional limitations: low (23.8%), low-increasing (26.8%), moderate-increasing (24.2%), high-increasing (16.6%), and persistent-high (8.5%). Relative to the consistently low group, formerly incarcerated individuals (v. never incarcerated individuals) had a higher relative risk of membership in the moderate-increasing group (RRR=1.588, 95% CI 1.096 to 2.302), the high-increasing group (RRR=2.122, 95% CI 1.450 to 3.107), and the persistent-high group (RRR=2.181, 95% CI 1.207 to 3.940) after adjusting for covariates.Conclusions These findings suggest that incarceration may be an important life-course marker of elevated risk for late-life functional limitations and highlight the need for targeted clinical and policy interventions to support functional health among formerly incarcerated older adults.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Alexander Testa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ratnasree Vaddepalli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Luis Mijares"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jiaming Liang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Chantal Fahmy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Dylan Jackson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Corrections Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Meghan Novisky"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Policy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Carmen Gutierrez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA",
        "Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Louisa Holaday"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA",
        "Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jack Tsai"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prior incarceration and functional limitation trajectories in older adults",
  "uid": "af0303c7-3e90-5554-b20d-e5afb87eb758"
}