{
  "abstract": "Background Immune-mediated processes leading to childhood type 1 diabetes may begin in fetal life. We hypothesised that a maternal inflammatory diet during pregnancy increases offspring risk of type 1 diabetes.Methods The Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) was recruited during 1996–2002. Maternal Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index score (EDII-score) was calculated from a comprehensive 360-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) completed around gestation week 25. Information on covariates was derived from maternal interviews. Information on type 1 diabetes diagnosis in the offspring was obtained through registry linkage to the Danish Registry of Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes. The association between the EDII score during pregnancy and the child’s subsequent type 1 diabetes risk was examined by Cox regression.Results We included singleton live births and excluded confirmed maternal type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes diagnoses prior to pregnancy, and implausibly high/low energy intake. In 67 701 mother-child pairs eligible for analyses, 281 children were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Mean EDII score was −0.1 with a range from −5.3 (anti-inflammatory) to 4.1 (pro-inflammatory) with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.98. Maternal EDII score was significantly associated with type 1 diabetes risk in offspring in both unadjusted and covariate-adjusted analyses. After adjustment for covariates, the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in offspring increased with increasing EDII score by 16% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2% to 32%) per one unit increase in the EDII score.Conclusion A maternal diet high in pro-inflammatory foods during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes in the offspring.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark",
        "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Rohina Noorzae"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark",
        "Section of Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark",
        "Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"
      ],
      "name": "Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Charlotta Granström"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Anne Lise Brantsæter"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cluster for Reviews and Health Technology Assessments, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Tiril Borge"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway",
        "Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Ida Henriette Caspersen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark",
        "Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Jannet Svensson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Lars Christian Mørch Stene"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Julie Christine Antvorskov, Dr."
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Edward L Giovannucci"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Insitut, Copenhagen, Denmark",
        "Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Christiansen MC"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark",
        "Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Region Hovedstaden, Denmark"
      ],
      "name": "Flemming Pociot MD"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biobank, Congenital Disorders, and Vaccines Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark",
        "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands"
      ],
      "name": "Sjurdur Frodi Olsen"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in offspring: prospective cohort study",
  "uid": "5496d4f3-7cad-5408-9ac2-097c47ceb382"
}