{
  "abstract": "Introduction Paediatric drowning is an injury associated with significant morbidity and mortality.Objective The objective is to describe drowning trends, including associations with inpatient hospitalisation or fatality, in a state-wide paediatric cohort to inform prevention strategies.Methods In this retrospective cohort study using the Health Services Cost Review Commission database, we used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes to identify patients aged 0–19 years with an outpatient (including emergency department) or inpatient medical encounter following a non-fatal or fatal drowning event between 2016 and 2019. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to summarise the data and evaluate associations with inpatient hospitalisation or fatality.Results There were 541 medical encounters for drowning events, including 483 non-fatal outpatient encounters, 42 non-fatal inpatient encounters and 16 fatal cases. Overall, most patients were boys, 0–4 years, white and lived in urban settings. White children accounted for 66% of encounters among those aged 0–4 years, whereas non-white children accounted for 62% of visits among those aged 10–19 years. Non-white children were more likely than white children to experience a fatal drowning (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2 to 11.5). Adolescents were more likely than younger children to be hospitalised (OR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.6 to 6.5) and had higher charges in outpatient (p=0.002) and inpatient settings (p=0.003).Discussion Our study revealed high fatality rates among non-white children and high admission rates among adolescents.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Critical Care Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City Adele Hall Campus, Kansas City, Missouri, USA",
        "School of Medicine, University of Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Macmillan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
        "Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Hoops"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sapna Kudchadkar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research & Prevention, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Andrea C Gielen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA",
        "Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Eileen M McDonald"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Prichett"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Isam Nasr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Leticia Manning Ryan"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Population-based study of factors associated with severe paediatric drowning events in Maryland",
  "uid": "06f5e084-a978-5d1b-a6a6-76045e58b226"
}