{
  "abstract": "Background The aim of this study was to assess the presence of myocardial injury after COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the relation between persistent cardiac symptoms after COVID-19 and myocardial function in participants with known cardiovascular health status before infection.Methods In the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study cohort, echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) were performed among participants who recovered from COVID-19 at home within 2 years prior to inclusion in the current study. Persistent cardiac symptoms comprised only self-reported symptoms of chest pain, dyspnoea or palpitations lasting >4 weeks after COVID-19 infection. We used linear regression and linear mixed models to estimate and test age-adjusted and sex-adjusted mean differences (95% CIs) of (1) post-COVID-19 CMR-derived and echocardiographic-derived parameters among participants with and without persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms and (2) pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 echocardiographic assessments.Results 92 participants were included, with a mean age of 59±8 years of whom 52% were male. Normal post-COVID-19 CMR-derived left ventricular (LV) function and right ventricular ejection fraction were observed in 92% and 98% of participants, respectively. We observed normal native T1 relaxation times in 100%, normal extracellular volume in 98% and normal T2 relaxation times in 98% of the participants. Comparison of pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 echocardiography revealed a significant but small decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (adjusted mean change −1.37% (95% CI −2.57%, –0.17%)) and global longitudinal strain (1.32% (95% CI 0.50%, 2.15%)). Comparing participants with and without persistent symptoms, there were no significant differences in adjusted CMR-derived ventricular volumes, LV function or presence of myocardial injury.Conclusions Almost all recovered non-hospitalised COVID-19 participants had normal CMR-derived ventricular volumes and function, without relevant myocardial injury.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Frederik van den Heuvel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Elif Aribas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Martijn J Tilly"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Sven Geurts"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Shuyue Yang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Zuolin Lu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Natasja M S de Groot"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Annemien E van den Bosch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Thijs M H Eijsvogels"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Robin Peeters"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "General Practice and Nursing Science, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Frans Rutten"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "General Practice and Nursing Science, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Geert-Jan Geersing"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands",
        "Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Joost van Rosmalen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "M Arfan Ikram"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands",
        "Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Robin Nijveldt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands",
        "Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Alexander Hirsch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Maryam Kavousi"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Longitudinal cardiac imaging for assessment of myocardial injury in non-hospitalised community-dwelling individuals after COVID-19 infection: the Rotterdam Study",
  "uid": "6d0050e9-ff04-5c94-9db4-4e24551858cb"
}