{
  "abstract": "Despite significant progress in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and interventional strategies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among females in the UK and worldwide. This might be due to lack of robust evidence in the best care of females with CVD related to under-representation of females in clinical trials (females accounting for <30% of trial participants). Recently, the British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), together with the affiliated societies, put together a consensus document specifically describing the current status on the sex differences in each of the major disease areas and proposed strategies/actionable points to overcome the barriers in access to diagnosis and treatment of CVD among females.In order to address the disparities, several research organisations, including the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), have produced guidance to diversify research participation and representation. The UK government has developed a Women’s Health Strategy for England. In the present consensus, we evaluate the barriers to research participation of female participants across the CVD spectrum and describe specific strategies/actionable points to enhance female involvement in clinical cardiovascular research. It is hoped that this document will stimulate a multifaceted approach to address disparities, including raising awareness and undertaking sex/gender-based research. We aim to improve the current status of management in various disease areas among females by collaboration across different affiliations within the BCS, the British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Collaborative and the NIHR to collectively work towards improving the health and well-being of females with CVD.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK",
        "Cardiothoracic Directorate, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Vijay Kunadian"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Graziella Pompei"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Indranil Dasgupta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "South West Thames Renal Department, Epsom and Saint Helier Hospital NHS Trust, Carshalton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Pauline Swift"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, University Hospital Coventry, Coventry, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Dawn Adamson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London School of Life Course & Population Sciences, London, UK",
        "Women’s Health Service, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Anita Banerjee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Tomasz J Guzik"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sussex Cardiac Centre, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "David Hildick-Smith"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Madalina Garbi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Nabila Laskar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardivascular Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Lisa Anderson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Rosita Zakeri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Manchester Heart Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Fozia Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Middlesex, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Stuart D Rosen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "King’s College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Clare Bannister"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Eleri Roberts"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Michael A Quail"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK",
        "Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Louise Coats"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Stephen P Page"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Eleanor Wicks"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Narain Moorjani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Mahmoud Loubani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Heather Probert"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "NHS Ayrshire and Arran, Ayr, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Aynsley Cowie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Raj Thakkar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "GLOS Heart Failure Service, Gloucestershire Care Services NHS Trust, Brockworth, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jim Moore"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Radiology Department, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Aparna Deshpande"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "NIHR Bristol Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel X Augustine"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Maria F Paton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University College London Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK",
        "Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Gaby Captur"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Anvesha Singh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Holly Morgan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Oliver Brown"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Fang Feng Ting"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medpace UK Limited, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Sharlene Hogan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Katie Sanders"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Joanne Rachel Ashton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Care Partnership, British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Roland Malkin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Care Partnership, British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Brown"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Allyson Arnold"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Mariana Rodas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Vasilena Zhecheva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"
      ],
      "name": "G Andre Ng"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Strategies to enhance recruitment of female participants to cardiovascular research: a joint British Cardiovascular Societies’ consensus document in collaboration with the British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Collaborative",
  "uid": "ab0ae11b-39dd-518f-987b-735c75e58d0d"
}