{
  "abstract": "Background Helicobacter pylori infection is the most prevalent bacterial infection worldwide. Attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, partly due to the absence of well-defined immune correlates of protection. The inflammatory response to H. pylori infection is characterised by the recruitment of T cells expressing markers of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells to the gastric mucosa. However, the function of TRM cells in gastric tissue during H. pylori reinfection remained poorly understood.Objective We aimed to investigate the induction, development and function of gastric T RM cells during primary and secondary H. pylori infection.Design We characterised gastric H. pylori–specific TRM cells in mice and humans by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ChipCytometry staining and single-cell RNA sequencing. The function of gastric TRM cells was established in H. pylori eradication and reinfection experiments as well as by targeted depletion of Hobit+ TRM cells and neutrophils in mice.Results Expression of the transcription factor Hobit governs the induction and development of gastric T RM cells, which largely depend on the presence of the H. pylori virulence factor Cytotoxin-associated gene A. H. pylori-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells resided long-term in the stomach and conferred complete protection from reinfection with the help of neutrophils. Gastric CD8+ TRM cells exhibited varying Hobit expression levels and clustered into distinct subgroups based on distinct transcriptomic and cytokine profiles, suggesting functional specialisation.Conclusion These findings establish gastric T RM cells as bona fide correlates of protection against H. pylori, highlighting their potential for future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Ruolan Gong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Boyang Huang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Anna Ralser"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Verena Friedrich"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Cora Mibus"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Veronika Engelsberger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Maximilian R A Koch"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Martin Skerhut"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Tobias Giese"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Immanuel Andrä"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bayreuth, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Vieth"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Klaas P J M van Gisbergen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Raphaela P Semper"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Markus Gerhard"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Department of Preclinical Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany",
        "German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Raquel Mejías-Luque"
    }
  ],
  "title": "CagA-dependent Hobit+ gastric tissue-resident memory T cells confer full protection from Helicobacter pylori reinfection",
  "uid": "52424e6e-1107-575c-bbab-d87fe98eb210"
}