{
  "abstract": "Endometrial receptivity is a decisive factor for successful embryo implantation and remains a major bottleneck limiting pregnancy outcomes in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Accumulating evidence suggests that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas may improve endometrial receptivity through multitarget and multipathway regulation. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that representative formulas enhance angiogenesis by activating vascular endothelial growth factor-related signalling pathways, modulate immune homeostasis by promoting a Th2-dominant microenvironment while preserving implantation-related inflammatory responses and improve endometrial morphology by increasing thickness, glandular development and vascular perfusion. Clinically, these effects are associated with improved implantation and pregnancy rates, particularly in patients with refractory conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, thin endometrium, ageing-related infertility, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation-induced endometrial impairment and chronic endometritis. Nevertheless, current evidence is heterogeneous, with variations in study design, sample size and mechanistic depth across different formulas. This review systematically summarises the clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms underlying TCM formula-mediated improvement of endometrial receptivity, highlights existing limitations and discusses future research priorities to facilitate the integration of TCM-based interventions into modern reproductive medicine.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Shangqi Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Meng Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hongjuan Niu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yueqi Leng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Xiunan Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Heng Pan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Feng Deng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"
      ],
      "name": "Ping Zheng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yue Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Ping Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China",
        "Beijing Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation in Frontier Technologies for Population Quality, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, China"
      ],
      "name": "Rong Li"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Traditional Chinese medicine formulas: mechanisms and clinical evidence for improving endometrial receptivity",
  "uid": "1f615210-4185-5e4d-becb-cbefae9c3ba8"
}