{
  "abstract": "Background and aims The use of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, is rapidly expanding in clinical medicine but data in gastroenterology are limited. We aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of LLM use among European gastroenterologists, evaluate perceived benefits and risks and identify barriers and priorities for future integration.Methods A Europe-wide online survey was conducted between June and August 2025. A 24-item questionnaire was distributed via national gastroenterology societies and social media. Questions on specific applications, reliability and clinical impact were shown only to respondents with prior LLM experience.Results A total of 966 gastroenterologists from 34 European countries responded, 55.3% reported using LLMs, mainly weekly (54.4%) or daily (20.2%). Common uses included education (59.2%), clinical decision support (58.2%) and scientific writing (39.1%). Among academic users, summarisation (80.1%) and grammar refinement (74.4%) were most frequent. Most users rated LLMs as moderately or highly reliable (81.0%), and 84.3% believed they improve outcomes. Nearly two-thirds (64.5%) felt LLMs can support endoscopy practice. Inaccuracies were reported by 42.7% and were associated with lower trust (ρ=–0.40, p<0.001). Although only 7.8% had formal training, 90.0% supported structured education and 85.2% favoured curricular integration. Most respondents would recommend LLM use (91.4%) and expect broader adoption within 5 years (93.4%). Reported barriers included institutional regulations (45.7%), cost (36.1%), complexity (29.4%) and time constraints (27.9%).Conclusion LLMs are increasingly integrated into clinical and academic workflows in European gastroenterology. Structured training, specialty-specific development and clear governance are essential for safe implementation.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Motol University Hospital and Homolka, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"
      ],
      "name": "Jan Kral"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy",
        "Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Cesare Hassan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Saúde Viseu Dão-Lafões, Viseu, Portugal"
      ],
      "name": "Paula Sousa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway",
        "Gastroenterology, IBD Unit, AHUS University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Ignacio Catalan-Serra"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Gastroenterology Department, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital–ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Enrique de-Madaria"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"
      ],
      "name": "Robert Dudkowiak"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Nephrology, Haematology and Gastroenterology, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria",
        "Gastroenterology Section, Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Saint Marina–Pleven, Bulgaria, Pleven, Bulgaria"
      ],
      "name": "Zornitsa Gorcheva"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Reina Sofia University Hospital, IMIBIC.University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain",
        "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERED, Madrid, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Beatriz Gros"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Universitäres Bauchzentrum Clarunis, Universität Basel, Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Henriette Heinrich"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania",
        "Gastroenterology Department, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania"
      ],
      "name": "Juozas Kupcinskas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Iris Levink"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania",
        "Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Lucaciu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Data Science, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic"
      ],
      "name": "Jan Mares"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "General Hospital of Nea Ionia - Konstantopouleio -Patision, Gastroenterology Department, Athens, Greece"
      ],
      "name": "Eleni Manthopoulou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway",
        "Gastroenterology Section, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway",
        "Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Yuichi Mori"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology, UMC Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia"
      ],
      "name": "Sara Nikolic"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine–Propaedeutic, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"
      ],
      "name": "Ioannis S Papanikolaou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Unidade Local de Saúde do Algarve, Unidade de Portimão, Algarve, Portugal",
        "ABC – Algarve Biomedical Center, Faro, Portugal"
      ],
      "name": "Joana Roseira"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Endoscopy Department, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France"
      ],
      "name": "Elena Santos-Perez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Immunology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"
      ],
      "name": "Nicole Sciberras"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye"
      ],
      "name": "Cem Simsek"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele",
        "University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy",
        "Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Virginia Solitano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "F.D. Roosevelt University Hospital",
        "2nd SMU Department of Internal Medicine, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia"
      ],
      "name": "Jan Strachan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Motol University Hospital and Homolka, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic"
      ],
      "name": "Jakub Svet"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Warsaw, Poland"
      ],
      "name": "Edyta Tulewicz-Marti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden"
      ],
      "name": "Roberto Valente"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "2nd Department of Internal Medicine – Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic",
        "Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic",
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic"
      ],
      "name": "Lumir Kunovsky"
    }
  ],
  "title": "AI meets gastroenterology practice: mapping large language model use across Europe – EuroGI-AI project",
  "uid": "23f1b16d-e1e6-5326-83e7-a06bc3dfc5b0"
}