{
  "abstract": "Sexually transmissible gastrointestinal (enteric) infections cause oropharyngitis, hepatitis, enteritis, proctocolitis and anorectal disease, and can mimic neoplastic and inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. Sexually transmissible enteric infections are generally seen in men who have sex with men (MSM) due to sexual behaviours which risk faecal-oral transmission. Oropharyngeal and anorectal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are transmitted via direct inoculation from oral and anal sexual behaviours. Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica are recognised sexually transmissible enteric faeco-oral pathogens in MSM. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Syphilis), mpox and HSV cause sexually transmissible oropharyngeal and anorectal disease. Cryptosporidium, intestinal spirochaetosis, Blastocystis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Enterobius vermicularis and enteric viruses have infrequently been reported as sexually transmissible in MSM. Sexually transmissible enteric infections have increased in MSM over the past 35 years. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists do not generally enquire about sexual behaviours, but identifying sexually transmissible enteric infections is important due to high rates of bacterial antimicrobial resistance, and the additional management includes: bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility testing, testing for STIs/HIV, providing recommendations for sexual abstinence and partner notification; and onward referral to specialist sexual health clinics for sexual health prevention interventions. In this review, we highlight the STIs which can affect the gastrointestinal tract and provide some key management points for gastroenterologists and hepatologists.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK",
        "University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Richardson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UKHSA, London, England, UK",
        "NIHR HPRU in Blood Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmitted Infections, University College London, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Holly D Mitchell"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "UKHSA, London, England, UK",
        "NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Claire Jenkins"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Applied and Human Sciences, Kingston University, London, UK",
        "Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Lewis C E Mason"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Ewens"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Lucy Rabuszko"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Hastings, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Callum Chessell"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Deborah Williams"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK",
        "University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Colin Fitzpatrick"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Omar Kadhim Mohammed"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York-Presbyterian / Columbia University Irving Medical Cente, New York, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jason Zucker"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Centre for Sexual Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for infection and immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Henry JC de Vries"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK",
        "Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Kate S Baker"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Sexually transmissible infections affecting the gastrointestinal tract: what gastroenterologists and hepatologists need to know",
  "uid": "cec93ba7-80ee-5bf9-900c-8afb49aee4aa"
}