{
  "abstract": "Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) is a recently implemented nomenclature and disease terminology for patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, who consume greater amounts of alcohol. MetALD is diagnosed in individuals who have at least one metabolic risk factor (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, etc) and consume 140–350 g/week of alcohol for women or 210–420 g/week for men. Conversely, alcohol-associated liver disease is diagnosed in individuals who consume >350 g/week of alcohol for women and >420 g/week for men. MetALD represents a heterogeneous spectrum of liver disease, with variations in clinical presentation and severity driven by differences in metabolic profiles, drinking patterns and individual susceptibility. Alcohol and metabolic risk factors are thought to act synergistically to accelerate steatohepatitis, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the precise mechanisms underlying liver injury in MetALD still remain poorly understood. In this comprehensive review, we summarise the current definition, diagnostic criteria and clinical management of MetALD. We also discuss emerging insights into understanding its pathogenesis, examine relevant experimental models and highlight future challenges and research priorities in this evolving field.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Bin Gao"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Juan Pablo Arab"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Suthat Liangpunsakul"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Wen-Xing Ding"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Gyongyi Szabo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Digestive Diseases, Yale University and West Haven Veterans Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Wajahat Mehal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China"
      ],
      "name": "Hua Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yong He"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium",
        "Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Brussels, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Peter Stärkel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Cristina Llorente"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Bernd Schnabl"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, The Republic of Korea"
      ],
      "name": "Seonghwan Hwang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven Gasthuisberg Campus, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Schalk Vandermerwe"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"
      ],
      "name": "Yanhang Gao"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Hua Zheng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea"
      ],
      "name": "Won Kim"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia",
        "Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Jacob George"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut de Malalties Digestives Augist Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Ramon Bataller"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rohit Loomba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA",
        "National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Leggio"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Frank Tacke"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD)",
  "uid": "7da4d454-8546-52cf-84c2-4b13c3df5b7c"
}