{
  "abstract": "Liver metastases (LMs) pose a significant burden of morbidity and mortality, resulting in a worse prognosis for many primary malignancies. Despite advancements in cancer treatment, such as immunotherapy, molecular therapies, additional lines of chemotherapy and optimisation of surgical resection, effective therapy against hepatic metastases remains elusive. Recent studies in immuno-oncology have implicated distinct tumour microenvironment (TME) signatures in the hepatic metastatic niche, which interplay with the intrinsic microenvironmental features specific to each primary tumour or organ of origin. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in the immunosuppressive nature of the hepatic TME, yet the exact mechanisms of interaction have not been fully elucidated. Discrepancies in number, function and proportion of Tregs to other tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes have been documented, with conflicting findings in the LMs from different primary tumours. These results may be attributable to the underlying biology of each organ-specific tumour and the unique hepatic TME that forms during the stepwise progression of the metastatic cascade. In this review, we explore the often-contradicting findings of intrahepatic Tregs in LMs from different originating tumours and offer insight into potential mechanisms for these observed differences with implications for future therapeutic strategies.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Grace Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ti Yang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sepideh Gholami"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Danielle DePeralta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Weiss"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Meihong Deng"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ping Wang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Hepatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Departments of Medicine and Surgery at Northwell Health, Institute of Translational Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Hai Huang"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Regulatory T cells in liver metastases: emerging and divergent roles in tumour progression",
  "uid": "bf02d515-f0d2-5c7f-a50e-dd29243d7298"
}