{
  "abstract": "Background Misleading information about medical products on social media may cause overuse.Objectives Explore interventions targeting the problem of misleading medical information and marketing on social media, with a focus on preventing medical overuse including overdiagnosis.Eligibility criteria We included peer-reviewed studies with original data on an intervention targeting misleading medical information on social media and governmental/institutional responses with and without evaluation. We excluded responses relating to COVID-19.Sources of evidence four electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete and Web of Science, and searches of grey literature on Google and Google Scholar. Search date: 9 June 2025.Data charting We used prespecified data forms populated in duplicate by two reviewers.Results We identified 27 peer-reviewed articles and 25 organisational and governmental responses (grey literature). 20 (74%) of the peer-reviewed interventions targeted the consumer to enhance ‘media literacy’, support decision-making or warn about misinformation trends. Approaches included education, such as videos or information materials, to improve detection of misinformation, as well as correcting misinformation and rebutting claims. Only two (7.4%) of the peer-reviewed approaches were sensitive to the problem of medical overuse: a risk-of-deception tool and an informed decision-making service. The grey literature about government and organisational responses chiefly comprised general advertising regulations and other educational resources for consumers to identify and navigate misinformation. The advertising regulations ranged from self-regulatory codes of practice to mandatory regulations, requiring pre-approval of social media marketing material. Most regulations stated advertising should be truthful, presenting both benefits and harms and not be misleading. Most of the grey literature (64%) was sensitive to medical overuse, though none referred explicitly to the problem.Conclusions Current efforts to address misleading medical marketing on social media often overlook the critical issue of medical overuse and fail to provide sufficient consumer protections in this rapidly evolving digital landscape of social media, such as the speed of dissemination, reach and the role of third-party advertising. These gaps in research, regulation and practice present significant opportunities to strengthen evidence-based policies and public health responses.Trial registration details https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2NJSH",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre and Research Unit for General Practice, University of Copenhagen Department of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark",
        "Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Emma Grundtvig Gram"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia",
        "Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Ray Moynihan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Tessa Copp"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, School of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Patti Shih"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Loai Albarqouni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Beirut Governorate, Lebanon",
        "Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Elie Akl"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Courtney Smith"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Consumer Representative, NSW, Sydney, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Leah Hardiman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Brooke Nickel"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Addressing misleading medical information on social media: a scoping review of current interventions",
  "uid": "e796cf0a-8445-5907-b528-f295f0aa8c10"
}