{
  "abstract": "Background Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is a respiratory infection with an increasing incidence worldwide, including Japan. Host factors may also be involved in the establishment of pulmonary NTM disease. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) variants are associated with pulmonary NTM disease and bronchiectasis. However, data on CFTR variants in the Japanese population remain limited.Objectives We aimed to determine the frequency of CFTR variants and the impact on the clinical features of pulmonary NTM disease and bronchiectasis in the Japanese population.Methods We analysed 458 patients with either pulmonary NTM disease, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or both at Keio University Hospital from February 2016 to March 2019. CFTR variants were identified using exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). These variants were determined to be deleterious using CFTR2 and in silico tools. Clinical characteristics of patients with and without CFTR variants were compared in a 1:8 age-matched and sex-matched ratio. Additionally, exome sequencing was performed for the family of a patient with a family history of pulmonary NTM disease.Results Deleterious CFTR variants were identified in 16 patients (3.5%). One variant was identified by MLPA, and 15 by Sanger sequencing. All patients harboured a CFTR variant in one allele. Compared with matched controls, these patients had lower sputum culture conversion rates and higher rates of macrolide resistance. In one family cluster, members with pulmonary NTM disease were found to carry the same CFTR variant.Conclusions We defined the frequency and clinical characteristics of CFTR variants among the Japanese population with either pulmonary NTM disease, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or both and found that patients with CFTR variants may be refractory to pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Further comprehensive research is needed to assess the impact of CFTR variants on pulmonary NTM disease and bronchiectasis in non-European populations.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Genta Nagao"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Ho Namkoong"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hiromu Tanaka"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan",
        "Department of Clinical Medicine (Laboratory of Bioregulatory Medicine), Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Takanori Asakura"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Akemi Hara"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Naoki Fukunaga"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Masanori Kaji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Shuhei Azekawa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Kensuke Nakagawara"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Atsuho Morita"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Hirofumi Kamata"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Keio University Health Center, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Tomoyasu Nishimura"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Fuyuki Miya"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Kenjiro Kosaki"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Koichi Fukunaga"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Steven M Holland"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"
      ],
      "name": "Naoki Hasegawa"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical characteristics of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease with CFTR variants in the Japanese population",
  "uid": "c9c42f4d-be1f-52fd-8de3-c6185fe9ee23"
}