{
  "abstract": "Background In critical fields such as anaesthesiology, maintaining uninterrupted focus during key procedures, particularly during critical phases of anaesthesia care, such as induction and extubation, is crucial for patient safety. Multitasking and interruptions in healthcare settings have been linked to increased error rates and reduced efficiency. This study comprises two parts: (1) an objective observational analysis of multitasking and interruptions and (2) an exploratory examination of their relationship to perceived work-related stress, perceived error risk and job satisfaction.Methods In this prospective observational study, 19 anaesthesia nurses at the University Hospital in Würzburg were observed during 30 field sessions. The study used the Work Observation Method by Activity Timing application for real-time recording and classification of tasks into primary activities (core clinical tasks), secondary activities (parallel tasks, ie, multitasking) and interruptions (externally triggered interruptions leading to task cessation). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to examine associations between observational data and subjective ratings.Results Interruptions accounted for 4% of the total observation time, with secondary activities being performed during 8.5% of the time. The average duration of interruptions was 36 s. Primary activities constituted 74.36% of all tasks, with communication-related interruptions being the most frequent. Preparatory work comprised more than half of the total duration of primary activities. Communication tasks were the dominant event during secondary activities, with a significant number of steps associated with them. On a subjective level, a strong positive correlation was found between perceived stress and error potential.Conclusions Interruptions and secondary activities were common in anaesthesia nursing workflows but accounted for only a small proportion of total working time. Most interruptions involved communication required for perioperative coordination. Step-based movement estimates showed substantial physical workload, with walking activity unevenly distributed across task categories and predominantly occurring during primary activities.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Carlos Ramon Hölzing"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Paul Heilgenthal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Psychological Ergonomics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Florian Sellmann"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Charlotte Meynhardt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Psychological Ergonomics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Tobias Grundgeiger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Rainer Scheuchenpflug"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Meybohm"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany"
      ],
      "name": "Oliver Happel"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Interruptions and multitasking in anaesthesia nursing: a prospective observational study of cognitive strain and workflow patterns",
  "uid": "cd9458a6-4192-541b-a204-17e75ab2fd81"
}