{
  "abstract": "Introduction Maternal responsiveness, defined as a mother’s ability to perceive her infant’s behaviour and respond appropriately, may be compromised with maternal depression and thereby impact early child development (ECD). These relationships have not been studied comprehensively in sub-Saharan Africa, where two-thirds of children are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. This sub-study of the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial in rural Zimbabwe evaluated the relationship between maternal-child interaction, maternal depressive symptoms and ECD using validated tools.Methods The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Observed Mother-Child Interaction (OMCI) tool were administered to mother-infant dyads in the cluster-randomised trial. ECD was assessed using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT) and MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI). Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate effect sizes while accounting for within-cluster correlation and primary results were adjusted for confounding factors.Results A total of 540 mother-infant dyads were included. 5.5% of mothers met the EPDS cut-off score for depressive symptoms. There was a positive association between OMCI score and MDAT motor, language and MacArthur-Bates CDI. For every 10 unit change in total OMCI score, there was a rise of 5.1 units (95% CI 3.6 to 6.6) in total MDAT score (out of 138 points), equivalent to a 0.54 SD increase. There was no statistically significant association between EPDS score and OMCI or ECD scores.Conclusion Within a sample of rural Zimbabwean mother-infant dyads undergoing directly observed assessment, quality of maternal-child interaction was associated with ECD scores at 24 months of age.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Liverpool, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Yujing Ooi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Liverpool, England, UK",
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Jaya Chandna"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Florence D Majo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Naume V Tavengwa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Batsirai Mutasa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Gwendoline Kandawasvika"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Bernard Chasekwa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe",
        "Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jean H Humphrey"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe"
      ],
      "name": "Robert Ntozini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe",
        "Queen Mary University of London Blizard Institute, London, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew J Prendergast"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of Liverpool Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Liverpool, England, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Melissa Gladstone"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between maternal-child interaction, maternal depression and early child development: an observational sub-study in rural Zimbabwe",
  "uid": "add13742-778a-5b05-88c8-90256f0ee122"
}