{
  "abstract": "Introduction Immunisation coverage varies across Papua New Guinea (PNG), with 40% of children in East New Britain Province (ENBP) classified as zero-dose (children missing diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine first dose (DTP1)) and 55% as under-immunised (missing DTP3) in 2023. This study aimed to understand routine childhood immunisation enablers and barriers in areas of ENBP reported to have highly variable DTP1, DTP3 and measles-rubella first-dose (MR1) coverage.Methods Qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face with caregivers of children aged 9–23 months and healthcare professionals in Gazelle and Kokopo districts. Local research officers conducted interviews in Tok Pisin and English. Data were thematically analysed and mapped across the six UNICEF Journey to Health and Immunisation framework stages.Results 33 caregivers and 28 healthcare professionals were interviewed. Despite finding that a high proportion of caregivers’ children had received DTP, DTP3 and MR1, participants identified a myriad of contextual caregiver and healthcare professional enablers and barriers to routine immunisation. Caregiver enablers included support provided by families and community-based services; barriers included limited immunisation knowledge, financial and travel challenges, and limited availability of healthcare professionals. Healthcare professional enablers included increased operational funds and working with community leaders, while barriers were focused on service delivery including costs, non-functioning aid posts and vaccine stockouts. Strategies suggested by participants for improving vaccine uptake included developing tailored immunisation communication materials, engaging community members to support routine immunisation promotion activities, and strengthening coordination between communities and healthcare professionals.Conclusions This study highlights the challenge of identifying and including zero-dose children and their caregivers in research but still provides useful contextual focus points to enhance and inform tailored strategies to strengthen immunisation service delivery. These include strategies that improve bidirectional coordination and communication between healthcare professionals, community and religious leaders about routine immunisation, increase immunisation knowledge and strengthen community-based services for vaccine delivery.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Milena Dalton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea",
        "University of New South Wales, The Kirby Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "William Pomat"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Benjamin Sanderson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Mustard Seed Global, Glenmore Park, New South Wales, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Pele Melepia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Hannah A James"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Delmah Burangat"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Lynette Duwaba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Willie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Benjamin Paivu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Kiromat"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Elsie Stanley"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Government of Papua New Guinea National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Edward Waramin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"
      ],
      "name": "Moses Laman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Shelley Walker"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Homer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea",
        "The School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Leanne J Robinson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Michelle J L Scoullar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Stefanie Vaccher"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Vaccine Uptake Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia",
        "Department of General Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Margie Danchin"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Caregiver and healthcare professional perspectives on drivers of routine immunisation uptake in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea: a qualitative study",
  "uid": "d4c6c560-0a15-529c-a800-e89707975917"
}