{
  "abstract": "Introduction Determining whether compliance with the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) emergency preparedness standards for nursing homes is a protective factor that improves residents’ postdisaster outcomes is vital to informed regulatory oversight.Methods This retrospective cohort study included 294 CMS-certified nursing homes exposed to Hurricane Michael (October 2018). The exposure was non-compliance with emergency preparedness (E-tag) and/or building code (K-tag) standards from the CMS Life Safety Code survey; we operationalised over 200 unique deficiencies as separate dichotomous indicator variables. We fit generalised linear models and applied elastic net regularisation to identify which regulatory deficiencies were most predictive of adverse postdisaster outcomes (30-day mortality (primary), 30-day hospitalisation and functional decline within 120 days). We selected the best fitting model for each outcome based on the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion and reported incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for retained variables. We performed 10-fold cross-validation and evaluated the predictive accuracy of the best-fitting models using root mean squared error (RMSE), compared with a null (intercept-only) model.Results Across 294 nursing homes with 21 945 residents with an average age of 81 years, there were 697 deaths, 1316 hospitalisations and 1274 instances of functional decline in the postdisaster period. No emergency preparedness deficiency predicted adverse postdisaster outcomes. In contrast, two building code deficiencies predicted postdisaster functional decline (IRRs 1.21 and 1.51). The best-fitting models demonstrated modest improvements in predictive accuracy compared with the null model for postdisaster mortality (RMSE 1.76 vs 1.79) and functional decline (RMSE 3.35 vs 3.44), although these differences were not statistically significant.Conclusions Measures of compliance with federal emergency-preparedness standards did not predict postdisaster mortality, hospitalisation or functional decline. These findings indicate a need to better align the measurement and oversight of nursing home emergency preparedness with the complexities of real-world disaster response.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Natalia Festa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kaitlin F Throgmorton"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Manali A Phadke"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "John R O’Leary"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kendra Davis-Plourde"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Emma Zang"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Kai Chen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jill Kelly"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School TH Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA"
      ],
      "name": "David M Dosa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Alexandra M Hajduk"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Andrew B Cohen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Thomas M Gill"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evaluating administrative compliance as a predictor of nursing home postdisaster outcomes in the USA",
  "uid": "536a537a-7e70-5b2f-abcc-488879f66f5e"
}