{
  "abstract": "Introduction Understanding costs associated with identification of emerging infections is critical to inform the policy. Nested within a randomised controlled trial that found that a test-all (TA) model for rapid SARS-CoV-2 testing identified more SARS-CoV-2 cases than the standard screen-and-test (ST) model. Our study assessed the cost-effectiveness of integrating SARS-CoV-2 services into maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH), HIV and tuberculosis (TB) clinics using the two models in Cameroon and Kenya.Methods The total costs of implementing the TA and ST models in Cameroon and Kenya were estimated from a health systems perspective using a micro-costing method. The cost per client tested (CPCT) and tested positive (CPCTP) for SARS-CoV-2 were estimated by dividing the total cost of each model by the number of clients tested and tested positive, respectively. A decision tree and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve were used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the two models.Results In Cameroon, the total cost of the TA model was US$141,942, while the ST model was US$48,020. In the TA model, the CPCT was US$7.66 and the CPCTP was US$508.75, whereas in the ST model, they were US$25.02 and US$727.58, respectively. In the TA model, the biggest cost was SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection tests (Ag-RDTs) at 61% (US$86,853), whereas in the ST model, it was personnel at 39% (US$18,592). In Kenya, the total cost was US$39,264 in the TA model and US$27,500 in the ST model. The TA CPCT was US$13.04 and the CPCTP was US$1,189.81, whereas in the ST model the costs were $125.00 and $1,250.01 respectively. In both models in Kenya, the biggest expenditure was personnel, at 45% ($17,696) of cost in TA and 56% ($15,267) in ST. In both countries, the TA model was more cost-effective.Conclusions Implementation of the TA model is a more cost-effective approach to increase early identification of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Maputo, Mozambique"
      ],
      "name": "Mario Songane"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon"
      ],
      "name": "Boris Tchounga"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya"
      ],
      "name": "Rose Otieno Masaba"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon"
      ],
      "name": "Tatiana Katcho Djikeusi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya"
      ],
      "name": "James Ndimbii"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Kiambu County Health Research and Development Unit, Kiambu, Kenya"
      ],
      "name": "Carolyn Mwancha-Kwasa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Disease, Epidemic and Pandemic Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon"
      ],
      "name": "Emilienne Epee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Operational Research in Health Department, Ministry of Public Health, Yaounde, Cameroon"
      ],
      "name": "Anne-Cecile Zoung-Kanyi Bissek"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Aida Yemaneberhan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA",
        "George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Guay"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Rhoderick Machekano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nilesh Bhatt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Appolinaire Tiam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Sushant Mukherjee"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Micro-costing analysis of integrating SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection tests into routine health facility services: a comparison of test-all versus screen-and-test models in Cameroon and Kenya",
  "uid": "8807b24c-2c4d-5101-a7d5-6d40ea5e8fd0"
}