{
  "abstract": "Objectives To derive sex-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) reference equations for cycle ergometer cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) that integrate estimations of lean body mass (eLBM) and body fat percentage (eBF) based on sex, age, height and weight.Methods We pooled data from apparently healthy adults who performed cycle ergometry in Belgium (FLEMENGHO and iCOMPEER cohorts) and the USA (FRIEND registry). Per subgroup of sex, age and body mass index (BMI), 70% of the data was used for training the equations and 30% for testing them.Results The cohort consisted of 1778 females and 1243 males. For females, the mean age was 49.8±13.3 years, BMI 27.1±4.9 kg·m −2 and VO2peak 1488.4±360.3 mL·min−1. For males, the mean age was 50.2±13.3 years, BMI 27.6±4.0 kg·m−2 and VO2peak 2467.1±595.5 mL·min−1. The reference equation for females wasVO2peak,females[mL×min−1]=1335.9+31.3×eLBM(kg)−21.8×eBF(%)−0.119×age2.In the test set, the SE of VO2peak estimates (SEE) was 279.9 mL·min−1. For males, the equation was VO2peak,males[mL×min−1]=2264.4+42.5×eLBM(kg)−71.2×eBF(%)−0.134×age2.In the test set, SEE=434.2 mL·min−1. Per cent-predicted VO2peak calculated with the proposed equations presented a good calibration among subgroups.Conclusion The proposed equations allowed calibrated comparisons of an individual’s VO 2peak to that of healthy individuals matched by sex, age and estimated body composition.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Unit of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
        "Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Everton Santana"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Unit of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas Cauwenberghs"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Khoury"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Group of Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Jomme Claes"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Unit of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Evangelos Ntalianis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ross Arena"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Health Sciences, Taylor University, Upland, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Matthew Harber"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Diseases, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven Gasthuisberg Campus, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Kaatje Goetschalckx"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Leonard A Kaminsky"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Group of Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Véronique Cornelissen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Myers"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA",
        "Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Francois Haddad"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Unit of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Tatiana Kuznetsova"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Reference equations for peak oxygen uptake during cycle ergometry based on body composition estimates",
  "uid": "d975296c-b38a-5fed-8f0a-366a17a4e9cd"
}