{
  "abstract": "Heart failure (HF) is a chronic and progressive cardiovascular condition associated with significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare burden. Increasing evidence points to a critical role of gut dysbiosis and the gut–heart–brain axis in HF pathophysiology. Altered gut microbiota may influence systemic inflammation, neurohormonal activity and cardiac function through gut-derived metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Yoga-based cardiac rehabilitation (Yoga-CaRe) is a cost-effective intervention that has been shown to improve quality of life, exercise capacity and cardiovascular outcomes in cardiac patients. However, the mechanism underlying its benefits remains unclear. Furthermore, its effect on gut microbiota diversity and the downstream impact on the gut–heart–brain axis in HF remains largely unexplored. This study outlines a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial investigating the effects of a 12-week Yoga-CaRe intervention versus enhanced standard care in 60 HF patients with reduced ejection fraction. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the Yoga-CaRe or the control group. The Yoga-CaRe group will participate in 20 supervised yoga sessions, complemented by guided daily home practice, while the control group will receive enhanced standard care. The trial will assess changes in gut microbiota composition, levels of gut-derived metabolites (TMAO and SCFAs), inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α and high-sensitivity C reactive protein), heart rate variability, 6 min walk test (6MWT) and echocardiography. Biological samples and clinical data will be analysed using integrated bioinformatics and statistical approaches to evaluate intervention efficacy and identify potential mechanistic pathways. The YoGH-Biome study has received ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, India (SDMIEC/2025/1073). It is registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India. Study results will be disseminated via scientific publications, conferences and stakeholder forums to inform integrative strategies for HF management. Trial registration number: CTRI/2023/12/060757.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Integrated Medicine and Research, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India",
        "Department of Physiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Laxmi Ramchandra Patil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Integrated Medicine and Research, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India",
        "Department of Physiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Vindya Vasu Shetty"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Integrated Medicine and Research, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India",
        "Department of Physiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Satish G Patil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of General Medicine, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Kiran Ramchandra Aithal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Biomedical Science, SDM Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Ajaykumar M Oli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of General Medicine, Karnataka Medical College and Research Institute, Hubballi, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Ram Kaulgud"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Vijay Aravind Yenagi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India"
      ],
      "name": "Mahesh Dharne"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India"
      ],
      "name": "Syed G Dastager"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center for Yoga in Public Health, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India"
      ],
      "name": "Ambalam M Chandrasekran"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India"
      ],
      "name": "Dorairaj Prabhakaran"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Influence of Yoga-based cardiac rehabilitation on gut-microbiome diversity and Gut–Heart–Brain axis (YoGH-Biome) in heart failure: a study protocol",
  "uid": "6ba8450f-d5ac-5647-afc3-0009ad811510"
}