{
  "abstract": "Previous research has shown that stakeholders in the competitive alpine skiing communities consider risk management to be crucial in sports injury prevention. However, to date, there is a lack of a publicly available systematic and structured risk management approach for the competitive alpine skiing context. This work describes the codevelopment process of a risk management framework with stakeholders in the field of competitive alpine skiing. A panel of international experts invited through personal requests and with expertise in health protection and performance enhancement in competitive alpine skiing convened three times through online group meetings to co-develop a risk management framework through different activities. The underlying discussions focused on the fundamental questions of ‘why’, ‘what’, ‘who’, ‘how’ and ‘for whom’ and included the debate on specific examples from sports practice. The outcome after three meetings was a risk management framework. This framework includes a competitive alpine skiing-specific prevention wheel that integrates different stakeholder views relevant to different levels, their risk priorities, the main five domains and intervention areas identified from the literature, the graded and progressive timescale to intervene and the potential targets for risk management interventions. Moreover, the framework includes a decision-making tree, which operationalises the prevention wheel into a step-by-step sequence for risk management, including risk identification, risk assessment and risk mitigation. It should help stakeholders recognise their responsibilities and the potential actions they can take. Practical examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply the framework and to illustrate the complexity and dynamic interaction of the various factors in the competitive alpine skiing setting. The risk management framework developed lays a strong foundation for creating a safer environment for alpine skiers. It likewise contributes to providing overall awareness of the complexity and inter-relations of risks and prevention measures in the sport. By doing so, this framework has the potential to initiate further processes and on-field translation to sustainably and long-term improve athlete health and safety in competitive alpine skiing.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Oriol Bonell Monsonís"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Evert Verhagen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, GP, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Vincent Gouttebarge"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France"
      ],
      "name": "Marine Alhammoud"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Grey Matters Performance Ltd, Stratford upon Avon, UK",
        "Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK",
        "School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"
      ],
      "name": "Dave Collins"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Swiss Council for Accident Prevention BFU, Bern, Switzerland",
        "FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Lynn Ellenberger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway",
        "Centre of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, Engadin Health and Innovation Foundation, Samedan, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Gilgien"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada",
        "Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, University of Calgary Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Matt Jordan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Michael Lasshofer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Gerald Mitterbauer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "GB Snowsport, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Abi Okell"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Lab, University of Calgary Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada",
        "Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland"
      ],
      "name": "Kati Pasanen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"
      ],
      "name": "Matej Supej"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands",
        "Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Bolling"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
        "University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Jörg Spörri"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Risk management framework for competitive alpine skiing—co-developed with stakeholders",
  "uid": "8f77dc03-1028-5b7d-9e20-f4cc4f4b2554"
}