{
  "abstract": "To enhance performance, increase resilience and prevent injuries, training and testing (T&T) are the most important strategies for preparing athletes for the demands of their sport. However, for competitive snow sports such as alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding, there is little evidence and a lack of international harmonisation of current best practices. This consensus statement, commissioned by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS), aims to provide recommendations for the physical and psychological T&T of competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders within National Ski and Snowboard Associations. A diverse international consensus panel was selected to represent the subject matter regarding gender, nationality, expertise/background, level of competition and skiing and snowboarding discipline. Researchers, officials, physicians, physiotherapists, coaches and former athletes with extensive experience in the field were among the experts. However, the panel had a limited gender balance (seven women and 13 men) and was over-represented by European members (65%) and North American members (20%), whereas there was limited representation of perspectives from South American (5%), Australasian (5%) and African (5%) experts and a lack of experts from Asia. In the first step, the panel established an overarching structure of topics and questions to be addressed by the consensus statement. Following the RAND-UCLA appropriateness method, the consensus process subsequently included panellist ratings, discussions and revisions informed by statements derived from the literature or expert/panellist opinions. These two outcomes served as the basis for manuscript writing, which was finalised through two iterative rounds of manuscript feedback and revision. This consensus statement aims to help athletes, coaches and medical staff of international and national federations plan and implement effective T&T activities for competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
        "University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Jörg Spörri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Oriol Bonell Monsonís"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
        "University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Peter Balsiger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway"
      ],
      "name": "Roald Bahr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "U.S. Ski & Snowboard, Park City, Utah, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Caitlin Dios"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Lars Engebretsen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA",
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA",
        "United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan T Finnoff"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Snow Sports New Zealand, Wanaka, New Zealand"
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Gillespie"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Hubert Hörterer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Gerald Mitterbauer"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Tampere Research Centre of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland",
        "Integrative Neuromuscular Sport Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"
      ],
      "name": "Kati Pasanen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"
      ],
      "name": "Christian Raschner"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Claudia L Reardon"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland",
        "University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Johannes Scherr"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland",
        "Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL Private University for Health Sciences and Technology GmbH, Hall and University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria"
      ],
      "name": "Wolfgang Schobersberger"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland",
        "Finnish Institute of High-Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland"
      ],
      "name": "Maarit Valtonen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland"
      ],
      "name": "Tina Weirather"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands",
        "Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"
      ],
      "name": "Vincent Gouttebarge"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Bolling"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands"
      ],
      "name": "Evert Verhagen"
    }
  ],
  "title": "International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) consensus statement on training and testing in competitive alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders",
  "uid": "a855bf5d-9da0-5e5c-887f-b98ac523712e"
}