{
  "abstract": "Background Visual photosensitivity is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may be influenced by neuropsychological factors. We examined relationships between visual photosensitivity thresholds (VPTs) and these factors, evaluating tinted lens responses in persons with and without TBI.Methods Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), 13-Item Pain Catastrophizing Scale-English Version (PCS-EN), Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) and Short-Form 12-Item Survey Version 2. Lens response was calculated as the VPT difference from plano lens (PL) and categorised as mild, moderate or strong. Associations were analysed using multivariable linear and ordinal regression models adjusted for demographics.Results VPTs were lower in the TBI group (PL VPT: 1.5±0.9 vs 2.4±0.8 log lux; p<0.001). Among individuals with TBI, higher PCS-EN scores correlated with lower PL VPTs (β=−0.027; p=0.01). Higher PHQ-9 scores correlated with lower VPTs under FL-41 lens (FL) (β=−0.048; p=0.02) and grey-filtering lens (GL) (β=−0.051; p=0.02) conditions. Lower BTACT number series Z-scores correlated with lower VPTs under FL (β=0.349; p=0.01) and GL (β=0.376; p=0.009), suggesting greater visual photosensitivity with lower cognition. Ordinal regression indicated that higher PHQ-9 scores correlated with reduced odds of a stronger response to FL (OR=0.833; p=0.02) and GL (OR=0.829; p=0.047) lenses.Conclusion Pain catastrophising was linked to greater photosensitivity, while depression reduced lens benefit in TBI. These findings support the need for targeted interventions addressing neuropsychological factors in optimising therapeutic benefit.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "VA Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Shreya Bhatt"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Brandon Chou"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Stacey Li"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Mariela C Aguilar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Heather Durkee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Alex Gonzalez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "James Lai"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "David Valdes-Arias"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Shivam P Patel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Cornelis Rowaan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Felipe Echeverri Tribin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Gemayaret Alvarez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA",
        "Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Barry E Hurwitz"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "Mark J Daily Inherited Retinal Disease Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Byron L Lam"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "VA Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth R Felix"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Jean-Marie Parel"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "VA Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida, USA",
        "Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Miami, Florida, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Anat Galor"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Neuropsychological influences on visual photosensitivity and its treatment in traumatic brain injury",
  "uid": "f1fa9c5c-da44-5d5e-a2ce-4b84ef662754"
}