{
  "abstract": "Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The diabetic foot is among the most serious complications, and it is estimated that between 15 and 25% of patients with diabetes mellitus develop ulcers during their lifetime. The costs for the treatments of foot ulcerations are enormous, and thus prevention and early personalised treatments are a priority. Many traditional clinical and metabolic analyses have been performed, but these should now be supported by modern specific multi-instrumental measurements.Methods and analysis This is a no-profit, multicentre national study aimed at the prevention of complications in the diabetic foot. It is an interventional clinical trial, without medications or medical devices, involving two populations of patients with diabetes mellitus type-2. A first population has no previous history of foot ulceration but has a moderate ulcerative risk (International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) grade 2); this will receive state-of-the-art clinical assessments and metabolic analyses in one centre, together with thorough biomechanical and functional analyses in a second centre and advanced biological and biochemical analyses in a third centre. A second population is affected by diabetic foot, had foot ulcers (IWGDF grade 3) but these must have been resolved for at least 6 months; in the centre in which they are recruited, they will receive state-of-the-art clinical assessments and metabolic analyses, together with advanced biological and biochemical analyses. Internationally established scores will be used in the three centres. Comparison of all these measurements between the two populations is performed at baseline (T0) and at 12-month follow-up (T1). Biomechanical analyses include multi-segment foot kinematics with stereophotogrammetry, plantar pressure with instrumented platforms and also 3D reconstructions of foot bones, tissues and calcifications from most modern CT scans in weight-bearing.The primary objective is to compare the clinical and metabolic condition together with the biological and biochemical biomarkers in the two populations. Secondary objectives are (a) creation of a database for reference on metabolic conditions and structural and dynamic alterations of the diabetic foot in correlation with risk of ulceration; (b) comparison of the measurements at T0 and T1 of all the measurements; and (c) analysis of possible correlation between biomechanical parameters and the onset of ulceration in the first population. In other words, possible novel biomechanical and biochemical based biomarkers for the risks of ulceration are searched.Ethics and dissemination The present study wants to contribute in a possible future limitation of the incidence of foot ulcerations in patients with diabetes mellitus, through careful screenings, risk stratifications and thorough monitoring. The study finally combines traditional assessments with modern multi-instrumental measuring techniques being supported by a multidisciplinary investigative approach.The present study protocol has been recently approved by the local ethical committees (‘Comitato Etico di Area Vasta Emilia Centro – AVEC’, and ‘Comitato Etico della Romagna – CEROM’). Written informed consent will be collected for all the participants. Findings of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations, as always and frequently done by the present authors.Registration details Clinical study ‘Strategie multifattoriali per la prevenzione dei rischi di ulcerazione in pazienti affetti da piede diabetico’, prot. DARE-DiaFoot, promoted by Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli:CE-AVEC n° 476/2024/Sper/IOR, Principal Investigator Prof Lisa Berti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli.CE-AVEC n° 105/Sper/2025/AOUBo, Principal Investigator Prof Uberto Pagotto, AOUBo.Clinical study ‘Strategie multifattoriali per la prevenzione dei rischi di ulcerazione in pazienti affetti da piede diabetico’, prot. DARE-DiaFoot, promoted by Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, CET-CEROM, Reg. sperimentazioni n. 3875, Prot. 851/2025 I.5/5, local Principal Investigator Luca Dalla Paola, UO Piede Diabetico, Maria Cecilia Hosp, Cotignola (Ravenna)Trial registration number NCT07021222.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Alberto Leardini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Prevenzione e Cura del Diabete, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant’Orsola (AOU) - UOC di Endocrinologia, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Uberto Pagotto"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Diabetic Foot Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Luca Dalla Paola"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Clinical Trial Centre, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Martina Piccinni Leopardi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Claudio Belvedere"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Maurizio Ortolani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa 1, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy",
        "Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Daniela Platano"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Paolo Caravaggi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Giulia Rogati"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Movement Analysis Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Giulio Sacchetti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Prevenzione e Cura del Diabete, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant’Orsola (AOU) - UOC di Endocrinologia, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Michele S Grimaldi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Prevenzione e Cura del Diabete, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant’Orsola (AOU) - UOC di Endocrinologia, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Giulia Casadei"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Prevenzione e Cura del Diabete, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant’Orsola (AOU) - UOC di Endocrinologia, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Valentina Lopreiato"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Elena Tremoli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Francesco Maffessanti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Elena Tenti"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Diego Sangiorgi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Letizia Ferroni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Anna Maria Malagoni"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Cardiovascular Department, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Fabrizio Veglia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Medicina Fisica e Riabilitativa 1, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy",
        "Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"
      ],
      "name": "Lisa Berti"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multifactorial strategies for the prevention of the risks of ulceration in patients affected by diabetic foot: a no-profit, multicentre, clinical trial protocol",
  "uid": "1b87b518-ab86-52f5-aef8-c2c8431e476a"
}