{
  "abstract": "Objectives To assess the relationship between the structural position of individuals within their village network and symptoms of depression and postpartum depression, among men and women.Design Community-based, observational, cross-sectional study.Setting 176 villages in the Copan region of Honduras.Participants Village residents, comprising 25 605 adults surveyed in a census-based study; using data collected between October 2015 and December 2019.Outcomes Symptoms of depression and postpartum depression, among men and women.Results Across all participants, 34.99% reported depression symptoms (40.50% for women and 27.62% for men). Among recent parents with a new child in the last 6 months, 28.89% reported postpartum depression symptoms (31.29% for women and 24.31% for men). Women with higher social intransitivity (ie, a greater proportion of friend-pairs among their friends that were not themselves connected) had higher odds of depression symptoms (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.41), an association not found for men nor in postpartum parents. Because this coefficient is estimated on a 0–1 scale, it corresponds to approximately 2.4% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase in social intransitivity. In a signed-network decomposition that also included adversarial ties, only the proportion of incomplete/no-tie friend-pairs was associated with depression in women (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04), corresponding to approximately 3% higher odds of depression per 10 percentage-point increase.Conclusions We report that structural social network position and connectedness beyond dyadic ties, including the friendships and adversarial ties of a person’s friends, are associated with depression. These findings highlight the importance of linking psychological health to broader social connections in the context of face-to-face relationships.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA",
        "Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Selena T Lee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Marios Papamichalis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Karina Raygoza-Cortez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Nicholas A Christakis"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Human Nature Lab, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA",
        "Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"
      ],
      "name": "Ana Lucia Rodriguez de la Rosa"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Social network structure and depression by gender in rural Honduras: a cross-sectional study",
  "uid": "2976d569-a5aa-5bfe-b922-ebfeaf3b8d5c"
}