{
  "abstract": "Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Of recent interest is the association between diabetes and circadian rhythm disruption. The aim of this review is to evaluate and synthesise clinical evidence for whether diabetes affects homeostatic diurnal patterns to proinflammatory markers in the human body. This could inform the optimal timing of immune-targeted therapies over the course of the day.Methods and analysis This systematic review will include primary clinical research studies reporting on diurnal variations, defined as an afternoon/evening (PM) minus a morning (AM) value, within a timeframe of 12±4 hours, for predefined proinflammatory markers, in individuals with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) compared with healthy controls. A search of online databases (Cochrane CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid Embase) will be performed. Grey literature searches will be performed in clinical trial registries. Two review authors will independently screen retrieved citation records at the title/abstract and full-text levels. Study quality will be assessed using an appropriate National Institute of Health quality assessment tool. A meta-analysis will be performed if more than one study reports equivalent data for any outcome. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed using the χ 2 test. Where a meta-analysis is not possible or unlikely to be meaningful, a narrative synthesis of the findings will be provided.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval is not required for this systematic review as no original data will be collected. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.PROSPERO registration number CRD420251115780.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Anna Grace Reid"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Ching Yi Wu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Thi Hoang Oanh Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Robert Charles Andrew Symons"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
        "Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Alexis Ceecee Britten-Jones"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"
      ],
      "name": "Laura Elizabeth Downie"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Diurnal variations to proinflammatory markers in individuals with diabetes compared to healthy controls: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "uid": "5c0b69d3-ceb7-55cc-903f-8a83ce75db24"
}