{
  "abstract": "Introduction Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, primarily due to diagnosis at advanced stages. Although low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening reduces lung cancer mortality in high-risk populations, current screening programmes are largely restricted to individuals defined by age and smoking history. This approach excludes never-smokers and individuals with non-smoking-related risk factors, limiting the equity, efficiency and scalability of lung cancer screening. The LUng Cancer risk factors and their Impact Assessment (LUCIA) project aims to overcome these limitations by developing personalised lung cancer risk prediction models and evaluating novel non-invasive technologies for early detection within a risk-adapted screening strategy.Methods and analysis LUCIA is a multicentre, observational, longitudinal cohort study that will recruit approximately 4000 participants across four European regions: Andalusia and the Basque Country (Spain), Liège (Belgium) and Riga (Latvia). The study population includes smokers, never-smokers and reduced smokers with low-to-moderate lung cancer risk. All participants will initially enter phase 1 (wide population screening) and may transition to phase 2 (precision screening) or phase 3 (diagnosis) based on LDCT findings, results from non-invasive screening devices and artificial intelligence-based risk prediction models. Participants will be followed up for 24 months, with assessments at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24 months. Data collection includes sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, environmental and occupational exposures, lifestyle factors, spirometry, multi-omics profiles and outputs from novel non-invasive devices, including a breath analyser, spectrometry-on-card and a skin-applied volatile organic compound sensing patch. The study will develop and validate integrated lung cancer risk prediction models and evaluate the diagnostic performance of these technologies to support population stratification and personalised screening.Ethics and dissemination The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines and applicable national and European regulations. Ethical approval has been obtained from the relevant ethics committees in all participating countries. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed open-access publications, scientific conferences and communication with public health stakeholders.Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06473870.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Jon Eneko Idoyaga-Uribarrena"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Department of Pneumology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Larraitz García-Echeberria"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Department of Radiology, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Iñigo Lecumberri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Department of Oncology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Eider Azkona"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Unai Jiménez"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Radiation Oncology Department, University of the Basque Country, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Mónica Sainz-Camín"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Group of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Informatics, Biomedical Engineering and Health Economy, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Francisco J Núñez-Benjumea"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte, Andalusian Health Service, Seville, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Luis Gabriel Luque-Romero"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU University Hospital, Liege, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Benoit Ernst"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Respiratory Medicine, CHU University Hospital, Liege, Belgium"
      ],
      "name": "Julien Guiot"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"
      ],
      "name": "Ilmārs Stonāns"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Center of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Riga, Latvia"
      ],
      "name": "Alvils Krams"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "VICOMtech, San Sebastián, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Iván Macia"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "VICOMtech, San Sebastián, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Alba Garin-Muga"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "(CNAG), Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Barcelona, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Ivo Glynne Gut"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "(CNAG), Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Barcelona, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Marta Gut"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Janire Orcajo-Lago"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Scientific Coordination Unit, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, PV, Spain",
        "Epidemiology Unit, OSI-EEC, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barakaldo, PV, Spain"
      ],
      "name": "Eunate Arana-Arri"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [],
      "name": "LUCIA Study Group members. TECHNION - Israel Institute of Technology (TECH-Israel)"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Understanding LUng Cancer risk factors and their Impact Assessment (LUCIA): protocol for multicentre observational cohort study",
  "uid": "c8254581-3f29-51e9-be77-479b483b4c2e"
}