{
  "abstract": "Objective The study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of a non-immersive virtual reality (VR) system on upper extremity (UE) recovery in ischaemic stroke patients in comparison to a conventional physiotherapy.Design An open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial randomly assigned the participants to two groups, VR intervention or conventional physiotherapy.Setting Two tertiary stroke care centres in South India participated in the study.Participants Sixty first-ever ischaemic stroke patients (1–6 months of stroke onset) having spasticity grades of 1 or 1+ as per Modified Ashworth scale and Brunnstrom recovery stages of 3, 4 or 5 in the UE were included in the intention-to-treat analysis.Intervention High-intensity non-immersive VR-based comprehensive rehabilitation gaming system with a duration of 12 weeks (3 days/week) was compared with equally intensive conventional physiotherapy.Primary and secondary outcome measures The feasibility outcome was the compliance with the treatment. The primary efficacy outcome was the improvement in the motor function assessed by the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and Wolf motor function test (WMFT). The secondary outcomes included the performance in activities of daily living by the Barthel index (BI) and the quality of life by the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36).Results The treatment compliance was similar in two groups (p=0.19). Both groups improved in motor performance, activities of daily living and quality of life. However, there were no significant differences in the FMA (p=0.58), WMFT (functional ability scale, p=0.33; performance time, p=0.44), BI (p=0.84) and SF-36 (physical, p=0.87; mental, p=0.99) scores between the groups.Conclusions The non-immersive VR system was feasible, effective and safe; however, it was not found to be superior to conventional physiotherapy. The trial was stopped early and did not reach its proposed sample size and hence, the findings are to be interpreted cautiously.Trial registration number Clinical trial registry India: CTRI/2021/11/038339 ( https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=NTc1OTI=&Enc=&userName=CTRI/2021/11/038339).",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Padmavathy Narayanapillai Sylaja"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Srijithesh PR"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Rinta Paul"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"
      ],
      "name": "Srinivasa Chakravarthy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "TCS Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"
      ],
      "name": "Aniruddha Sinha"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India"
      ],
      "name": "Raju Surampudi Bapi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Radiology, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Chandrasekharan Kesavadas"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Rose Dawn Bharath"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "P S Sarma"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"
      ],
      "name": "Sundari Elango"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"
      ],
      "name": "Shabeera Hafsath"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"
      ],
      "name": "Divya Darshini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India"
      ],
      "name": "Amal Jude Ashwin F"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Aneesh Dhasan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Siva Sambath"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "M G Amal"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "Arathy R S"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "S Akhil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "H S Devan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"
      ],
      "name": "M V Anjana Madhu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Shawn Esther S"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Ruby Ambikapathy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Shradha Shaji"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Pritam Raja"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Anupam Gupta"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"
      ],
      "name": "Girish Baburao Kulkarni"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Feasibility and efficacy of virtual reality rehabilitation for upper extremity impairment in ischaemic stroke patients: an open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial",
  "uid": "ed791f11-d7c1-5bcc-a4ea-45f74da1df13"
}