{
  "abstract": "Objectives Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly escalating in developing countries and social factors such as the dynamics of the family play an important part in the lifestyle choices that lead to the onset and maintenance of chronic illness. There remains a gap in Malaysia as the majority of the studies were focused on the normal population rather than directly towards persons having NCDs. This study aimed to examine emerging risk factors such as family functionality and its association with NCD.Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multistage random sampling method.Setting Urban residential areas in Selangor, Malaysia.Participants A total of 2542 adults residing in urban areas of Selangor were recruited.Primary and secondary outcome measures Family functionality was measured using the APGAR (Adaptation, Participation, Gain or Growth, Affection and Resources) scale and multiple logistic regression was performed to measure the association between emerging risk factors and NCD.Results The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was 10.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Widowed/separated status (adjusted OR (AOR) 41.53, 95% CI 19.06 to 90.48, p value=0.001) was reported to be a predictor of diabetes. As for hypertension, familial functionality (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.11 to 14.50, p value<0.05) was found to be a significant predictor.Conclusions There is a growing concern that family functionality is an emerging risk factor for NCDs. Future family-centred health promotion programmes should be incorporated to improve self-management behaviours and health outcomes.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Nik Nairan Abdullah"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Meram Azzani"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Mariam Mohamad"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Zaliha Ismail"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Ahmad Taufik Jamil"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Mohamad Rodi Isa"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Siti Munira Yasin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Leny Suzana Suddin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Khalid Ibrahim"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Mohamad Ikhsan Selamat"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Zahir Izuan Azhar"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Nurhuda Ismail"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Mohd Shahril Ahmad Saman"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Chen Xin Wee"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Ely Zarina Samsudin"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Kamarulzaman Muzaini"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Siti Sara Yaacob"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Dalila Roslan"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia"
      ],
      "name": "Aimi Nadira Mat Ruzlin"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Family functionality and its association with non-communicable diseases among urban adults in Selangor, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study",
  "uid": "79291a96-6b27-5562-9a7f-faac8600919b"
}