{
  "abstract": "Purpose The Infant Gut Bacterial Study in Nigeria (INBUGS-NG) investigates how delivery mode, antibiotic exposure, feeding practices and environmental factors shape gut microbiome development and acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the first year of life in northern Nigeria.Participants Between February and July 2024, 90 mother–infant dyads were enrolled at a tertiary hospital in Kano city, Nigeria. This was a prospective longitudinal cohort with follow-ups at 10 scheduled time points: days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 90, 180 and 365. We also intensified stool sampling after infant antibiotic administration, enabling dense early-life sampling. To date, the cohort has contributed 480 infant stool samples, 232 maternal rectal swabs, 254 breast milk samples and 806 environmental samples (total 1772). In parallel, socio-demographic, clinical and cultural data were collected using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) and household visit diaries.Findings to date Baseline data show that 84/90 mothers (93.3%) received postpartum antibiotics, and 26/90 infants (28.9%) received antibiotics within the first 3 months of life. Only 8% of infants were exclusively breastfed, with early water supplementation common. Caesarean deliveries accounted for 25% of births, and the mean gestational age was 38.5 weeks. Across the cohort, high retention was achieved, and the study has generated a unique long-read metagenomic resource from an African infant population, with analyses ongoing.Future plans Shotgun long-read metagenomic sequencing (Oxford Nanopore) will enable strain-level and plasmid-level profiling of microbial communities and ARGs. Planned analyses include associations between early-life exposures and resistome dynamics, as well as cross-cohort comparisons with a parallel study in Pakistan. Follow-up will continue through 12 months.",
  "authors": [
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Oxford, Oxford, UK",
        "Interdisciplinary Bioscience DTP, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Chinenye Pascaline Akpulu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Hafsat Maikudi Sada"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Hafsat Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Hassana B Idris"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, Murtala Muhammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Rashida Yakubu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Aliyu Aminu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria"
      ],
      "name": "Kenneth Iregbu"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Jared Oduwo"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Edward Owinoh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Aditya K Lankapalli"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Laura De Nies"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK",
        "Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Chioma R Achi"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn Thomson"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Mathew Stracy"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Timothy R Walsh"
    },
    {
      "affiliations": [
        "Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK",
        "Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"
      ],
      "name": "Kirsty Sands"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cohort profile: Infant Gut Bacterial Study in Nigeria (INBUGS-NG)",
  "uid": "c06903e9-6d24-5bb0-a087-094951e56b00"
}